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            Outcome studies are a well-established 
              research genre today, but early in the twentieth century, they were 
              new. How did adopted children and adoptive families turn out five, 
              ten, or twenty years after placement? By finding out what had happened 
              to children and parents later in life, outcome studies offered a 
              way to predict and control future adoptions by studying the results 
              of adoptions arranged in the past. 
            These studies defined outcomes in many different ways, but all 
              tried to correlate “inputs”—such as child's sex, 
              age at adoption, natal family background, and adopters' characteristics—with 
              measures of child development, parental satisfaction, and success 
              (or failure) later in life. They aimed to reveal which variables, 
              in which combinations, produced which outcomes. Which family-making 
              practices and kinship configurations had good results? Which had 
              bad results? Outcome studies embodied the conviction that systematic 
              research was essential to improving the results of future adoptions 
              for children and families. 
            The first major outcome study was conducted by Sophie 
              van Senden Theis and the New York State Charities Aid Association. 
               How Foster Children Turn 
              Out, published in 1924, followed up on the cases of 910 
              children placed between 1898 and 1922.   | 
         
       
        
      
         
           Chronological 
              List of Outcome Studies
            
            
               
                1915  | 
                Ruth W. 
                    Lawton and J. Prentice Murphy, “A Study of Results of 
                    a Child-Placing Society” (paper presented at The 
                    National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1915), 164-174.  | 
               
               
                |   1916  | 
                Mary Tinney, “An Interpretation of Three Thousand 
                    Placements by the New York Catholic Home Bureau” (paper 
                    presented at the Fourth National Conference of Catholic Charities, 
                    September 17-20, 1916), 181-198.  | 
               
               
                1924  | 
                Sophie van Senden Theis, 
                    How Foster Children Turn Out, Publication No. 
                    165 (New York: New York State Charities Aid Association, 1924).  | 
               
               
                |   1934  | 
                Lee M. Brooks, “Forty Foster Homes Look at Adoption,” 
                    Family 15 (March 1934):13-17  | 
               
               
                1937  | 
                Iris Ruggles Macrae, “An Analysis of Adoption Practices 
                    at the New England Home for Little Wanderers” (M.S. 
                    thesis, Simmons College, School of Social Work, 1937).  | 
               
               
                |   1942  | 
                Lucie K. Browning, “A Private Agency Looks at the 
                    End Results of Adoptions,” Child Welfare League 
                    of America Bulletin 21 (January 1942):3-5.  | 
               
               
                |   1950  | 
                Georgina D. Hotchkiss, “Adoptive Parents Talk About 
                    Their Children: A Follow-Up Study of Twenty-Four Children 
                    Adopted Through a Child Placing Agency” (M.S. thesis, 
                    Simmons College, 1950).  | 
               
               
                |   1950  | 
                Hazel S. Morrison, “Research Study in an Adoption 
                    Program,” Child Welfare (July 1950):7-9, 12-13.  | 
               
               
                |   1951  | 
                Ruth F. Brenner, A Follow-Up Study of Adoptive Families 
                    (New York: Child Adoption Research Committee, March 1951).  | 
               
               
                |   1951  | 
                Catherine S. Amatruda 
                    and Joseph V. Baldwin, “Current Adoption Practices,” 
                    Journal of Pediatrics 38, no. 2 (February 1951):208-212.  | 
               
               
                1951  | 
                Margarete Zur Nieden, “The Influence of Constitution 
                    and Environment Upon the Development of Adopted Children,” 
                    Journal of Psychology 31 (1951):91-95.  | 
               
               
                |   1952  | 
                Mary Elizabeth Fairweather, “Early Placement in Adoption,” 
                    Child Welfare 31 (March 1952):3-8.  | 
               
               
                1953  | 
                Abraham Joseph Simon, “Social Agency Adoption; A 
                    Psycho-Sociological Study in Prediction” (Ph.D. diss., 
                    Washington University, St. Louis, 1953).  | 
               
               
                |   1954  | 
                M.E. Edwards, “Failure and Success in the Adoption 
                    of Toddlers,” Case Conference 1, no. 6 (November 
                    1954):3-8.  | 
               
               
                |   1955  | 
                Ruth Medway Davis and Polly Bouck, “Crucial Importance 
                    of Adoption Home Study,” Child Welfare 34, 
                    no. 3 (March 1955):20-21.  | 
               
               
                |   1956  | 
                Helen Fradkin and Dorothy Krugman, “A Program of 
                    Adoptive Placement for Infants Under 3 Months,” American 
                    Journal of Orthopsychiatry 26, no. 4 (July 1956):577-590.1957 
                     
                    | 
               
               
                |   1957  | 
                David Fanshel, A Study in Negro Adoption (New 
                    York: Child Welfare League of America, 1957).  | 
               
               
                |   1957  | 
                Margaret A. Valk, 
                    “Adjustment of Korean-American Children in Their American 
                    Adoptive Homes,” Casework Papers (1957):145-158.  | 
               
               
                |   1959  | 
                Donald Brieland, An Experimental Study of the Selection 
                    of Adoptive Parents at Intake (New York: Child Welfare 
                    League of America, May 1959).  | 
               
               
                |   1962  | 
                Child Welfare League of America, ed., Quantitative 
                    Approaches to Parent Selection (New York: Child Welfare 
                    League of America, 1962).  | 
               
               
                |   1962  | 
                Alfred Kadushin, “A Study of Adoptive Parents of 
                    Hard-to-Place Children,” Social Casework 43 
                    (May 1962):227-233.  | 
               
               
                |   1963  | 
                Helen L. Witmer et al, 
                    Independent Adoptions: A Follow-Up Study (New 
                    York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1963).  | 
               
               
                |   1965  | 
                Child Welfare League of America, ed., Perspectives 
                    on Adoption Research (New York: Child Welfare League 
                    of America, 1965).  | 
               
               
                |   1970  | 
                Benson Jaffee and David 
                    Fanshel, How They Fared in Adoption: A Follow-Up Study 
                    (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).  | 
               
               
                |   1972  | 
                David Fanshel, Far 
                    From the Reservation: The Transracial Adoption of American 
                    Indian Children (Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 
                    1972).  | 
               
               
                |   1974  | 
                Lucille J. Grow and Deborah Shapiro, Black Children—White 
                    Parents: A Study of Transracial Adoption (New York: Child 
                    Welfare League of America, 1974).  | 
               
               
                |   1976  | 
                Joan F. Shireman 
                    and Penny R. Johnson, “Single Persons as Adoptive Parents,” 
                    Social Service Review 50 (March 1976):103-116.  | 
               
               
                1977  | 
                Rita James Simon and Howard Alstein, Transracial Adoption 
                    (New York: Wiley, 1977).  | 
               
               
                1978  | 
                William Meezan, Sanford Katz, and Eva Manoff Russo, Adoption 
                    Without Agencies: A Study of Independent Adoptions (New 
                    York: Child Welfare League of America, 1978).  | 
               
             
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