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Previous unsuccessful explanations: Adoptionism; Modalism
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318: Arius offers
explanation of Trinity at council in
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Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373): Arianism's main opponent
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Council of Nicea (325): 1st Ecumenical
Council--addressed Arius & the Trinity
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Debate over homoousias ("of the same essence") & homoiousias
("of like essence")
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Nicea decides for homoousias; many still favored homoiousias--failed
to resolve the issue
End of Arianism
& Cappadocians
1.
325-37: Nicea to deat of
2.
337-61: Rule of Constantius--Arianism favored
3.
361-81: Revival of Nicene thinking
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Holy Spirit added to discussion
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Formula: 3 hypostases (entities/persons) in 1 ousia (essence/substance)
Cappadocian Fathers
·
Basil
of Caesarea (d. 379); Gregory of Nyssa (d. 394); Gregory of Nazianzus
(d. ca. 390)
·
Julian
the Apostate (emp. 361-63)
·
To
Young Men on the Value of Greek Literature; Catechetical Oration
The
1st Council of
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379: Theodosius becomes Emperor: makes Christianity
official religion; paganism outlawed; favors Nicene Christianity--Arianism outlawed
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Theodosius calls Council of Constantinople to
reaffirm Nicea: adds Holy Spirit and clarifies
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Council also decides first Christological
controversy: how is Christ both human and divine?
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Appollinaris: humanity= flesh; no human
soul--replaced by word of God: not sufficiently human
The
Council of
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2nd Christological controversy: Nestorius (Patriarch of Constantinople, 428)
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Nest. strongly separated Christ's divinity &
humanity: a split personality
§
Titles for the Virgin Mary: "Theotokos"
(God-bearer) vs. "Christotokos"
(Christ-bearer)
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Opponents of Nestorius:
Empress Pulcheria & Cyril (Patriarch) of
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Third council condemns Nestorius,
endorses Theotokos: unity of subject in Christ emphasized
Christian Monasticism and
Asceticism
§
Antony (ca. 250-356): becomes the
"first monk" in 269
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Athanasius' Life
of Antony vs. the Letters of Antony
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Anchoritic vs. Cenobitic
monasticism: Pachomius (ca. 286-346); monastic
"rules"
§
Benedict of Nursia
(480-550): beginings of Western monasticism: Monte Cassino
Saints
and Relics
·
Mediation & Intercession
·
Angels intercede: Zach 1.12-13; Job 33.22-26
·
Humans intercede: Gen., 20. 7, 17; Job, 42.8; Luke 16
·
Martyr to Monk; Relics
·
Jesus seems welcoming of women;
·
Paul—“neither male nor female”; veiling
·
Phoebe-“minister”; Junia-“apostle”;
women as prophets
·
Split in Pauline Christianity: Pastorals &
Thecla
·
Order of Widows: “virgins called widows”
·
Women and Asceticism
Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
§
Life: Confessions;
Manicheanism
§
Milan & Ambrose; converts to Christianity in 386
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Controversy with Pelagius: Free will and Original
Sin (410-430)
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Marriage and Virginity: Virginity better, but
marriage good
The
Council of Chalcedon (451; 4th Ecumenical Council)
§
Eutyches: Christ's divine nature
absorbed his human nature: not sufficiently human
§
448: local council condemns Eutyches;
449: Dioscorus (Patriarch) of Alexandria has a
council at Ephesus defend him; declared doctrine of one divine nature in
Christ="Monophysitism"
§
Pope Leo opposed, but emperor Theodosius II
supported
§
28 July 450: Theodosius dies; Pulcheria
obtains power; calls council of Chalcedon
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Chalcedonian Definition: "two natures joined in
one hypostasis (entity/person)"
§
Anti-Chalcedonian riots in Jerusalem and Alexandria;
resistence in Egypt, Syria, Palestine
§
“Monophysites”; “Diophysites”;
Neo-Chacedonians
§
Zeno
(emp. 474-75; 476-91); Basiliscus
(emp. 475-91); Henotikon
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Anastasius (491-518); Justin (emp. 518-27); Justinian (emp. 527-65); Theodora
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Theopaschism: The Suffering of God: 533
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2nd
Council of Constantinople (5th ecumenical council); condemns “3
Chapters”
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Theodore
of Mopsuestia (ca. 350-428) – impt.
influence on Nestorius
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Theodoret of Cyrrhus (393-460); Ibas
of Edessa (bp. 435-457) –
later sympathizers with Nestorius
§
Aphthartodocetism: Christ had incorruptible
body—not fully human
§
Birth of “Monophysite” church: Jacob Baraddeus,
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Today in
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Nationalism?; Persecution of Anti-Chalcedonians
Christianity and the Fall of
Barbarians
& the Western Roman Empire
§
Theodosius I redivides
empire, East & West (395): different fates
§
476: Fall of Rome; 1453: Fall of Roman/Byzantine
Empire
§
The Goths: pushed into Roman Empire by Huns: 370s; allowed
to settle in Roman Empire; revolt
§
Battle of Adrianople
(378): Goths defeat Romans; 410 Goths sack Rome; settle in Italy, Spain
§
The Vandals: 407 crossed the Rhine; 429 N. Africa; 431
Carthage; 455 sacked Rome; ruled N. Africa until 533
§
476: last Western Roman emperor deposed; “replaced”
by Barbarian kingdoms; Barbarian rulers were Arians
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Gaul/France: Burgundians
(South/Arians) & Franks (North/Pagans); Meroveus/
Merovingians
§
Clovis: conversion 496; orthodox, not Arian
The
Rise of the Papacy
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Bishop Stephen I—255
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382—Pope Damasus
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Leo the Great (440-61); convinced Atilla the Hun not to sack
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Byzantine reconquest of
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Gregory the Great (540-604; Pope from 590):
negotiated peace with
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Extended authority: converted
Early Christianity outside
the
§
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Christianity in
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Persian Christians=“Nestorian”—rejected
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Nestorian missions: central Asian/Huns, early 6th
cent
§
§
§
§
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602: Persia conquers much of Eastern Empire
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622: Heraclius
(610-41) begins reconquest; 628 captures Persian
capital
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Attempts to restore religious unity: Monothelitism
(“one-will”)-official “orthodoxy” 633
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6th Ecumenical council condemns:
Constantinople III (681); Maronites/Lebanon
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Maximus:
655 tried for treason, mutilated; exiled to Lazica
(Georgia)
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Deification
/ Theosis: John 10:34-5; 2 Peter 1.4; John 17.21;
Romans 8.19-22
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Islam: Muhammad (570-632):
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Began conquests, jihad; 644: Persia destroyed;
Byzantium seriously diminished
§
635-Damascus; 638-Jerusalem &