Special Report:

China’s 16^th CPC National Congress – Prospects for a New Direction?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jiang Zemin (C Front row), Li Peng (3rd R Front row), Zhu Rongji (3rd L Front row), Li Ruihuan (2nd R Front row), Hu Jintao (2nd L Front row), Wei Jianxing (1st R Front row), Li Lanqing (1st L Front row) stand with the members of the presidium at the opening session of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, on Nov. 8, 2002. Xinhua photo

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/08/content_623447.htm

 

Prepared by: Rich Chapman, Virtual Information Center, (808) 477-3661, ext. 2100 on 15 Nov 2002

1. Assessment: Results of this Congress indicate that China’s direction will not change despite major changes to Beijing’s leadership. Although Jiang has stepped down as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), his allies and associates dominate the Standing committee. Moreover, his ability to maintain his position as the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) ensures his continued control of the military and its associated influence. The question remains as to whether he will relinquish this position in March when he is expected to surrender the presidency to Hu Jintao, retains it for two years like Deng, or keeps it until the next congress in 2007. For the short-term, Hu will have to operate under Jiang’s "shadow" with little political change expected. Militarily, expect the Chinese military to become a smaller more professional force whose pace of modernization will be commensurate with China’s economic growth. (Click here for expanded Assessment).

2. Background: The CPC was founded on 1 July 1921 in Shanghai, China. After 28 years of struggle, the CPC finally won victory of "new-democratic revolution" and founded the People's Republic of China in 1949. The CPC is the ruling party of China. The highest leading body of the Party is the National Congress and the Central Committee elected by it. The National Congress of the Party is held once every five years and convened by the Central Committee. (Click here for Expanded Background).

3. Discussion: From 8-15 November 2002, Beijing held its 16^th CPC National Congress. Highly anticipated, this forum was expected to chart China’s course over the next five years including major changes to Beijing’s leadership. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Jiang's "Three Represents'' theory, the plenum carried out in-depth discussions on major issues concerning China's reform, China’s opening-up, and its socialist modernization drive in the 21st century including its new development stage. The congress stressed that the Party must stand firm in the forefront of the times and unite and lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to accomplish three major historic tasks in bringing about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on its road to socialism with Chinese characteristics. The three tasks are to propel the modernization drive, to achieve national reunification, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development. Politically, Jiang said China would push ahead with grassroots changes which have fostered village elections and pledged that China "should never copy any models of the political systems of the West." He called for direct links to be reopened with Taiwan but refused to rule out the use of force to retake the island. Economically, he claimed that by the year 2020, China would quadruple its GDP. Militarily, China will uphold the principle of coordinated development of national defense and the economy and push forward the modernization of national defense and the army on the basis of economic growth. Jiang said China must persist in taking the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics and become more revolutionary, modernized and regularized in compliance with the general requirements of being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work, strict discipline and adequate logistic support. (See Appendix C and Appendix D for Congressional Resolutions). The majority of media coverage centered on expected leadership changes. The 24 new members of the Politburo and one alternate chosen are mostly university graduates with decades of administrative experience. They include one woman and one ethnic minority. Most were trained as engineers, many at Tsinghua University in Beijing. One-third are returning from the previous Politburo (Click here for list). The new Standing Committee was expanded from 7 to 9 members. (Click here for Biographies of new Standing Committee Members). (Click here for expected job transitions). Jiang kept his post as head of the CMC. Other CMC members include Hu Jintao and Generals Guo Boxiong and Cao Gangchuan (Click here for bios).

4. Prepared by: Rich Chapman, Virtual Information Center, (808) 477-3661 ext 2100 on 15 Nov 2002

Executive Summary *

1. Assessment *

Short-Term (Next Four Months). *

Long-Term (Next Five Years). *

2. Background. *

History of the Communist Party of China *

Previous National Congresses *

CPC Organizational System *

Central Organizations of the CPC *

How CPC Congress Delegates are Elected *

3. Discussion. *

16 Party Congress *

16th Party Congress ready to convene *

Congress agenda adopted *

Congress draws blueprint for nation *

Jiang Delivers Report to CPC National Congress *

Hu Jintao Applauds Jiang's Report at Party Congress *

China's Jiang hints at allowing capitalists into Communist Party *

China's Jiang echoes Mao call for political openness *

China's Jiang calls for direct ties with Taiwan, repeats force threat *

Candidate list passed at presidium *

China to Quadruple GDP in 2020 from 2000: Jiang *

Military modernization to be propelled by economic growth *

China's West to be best by 2020 *

CPC Congress Presidium Holds Third Meeting *

'Taiwan Independence' Intolerable: Army Delegates *

Delegates applaud amendment to charter *

Leadership Transition *

Party realizes leadership transition *

China Readies for Hu's Leadership *

China's Jiang Surrenders Position *

Jintao Takes Helm as China's Leader *

China's new Communist Party Politburo: technical backgrounds, administrative experience *

China's Heir Apparent Stays Low Key *

Military reshuffle to follow Chinese party leadership overhaul *

Jiang Zemin not on new Party central committee *

Jiang Zemin meets with CPC delegates from army *

Hu steps up but Jiang stays on top *

China’s Jiang clings to top military job *

New CPC leadership to carry out Jiang's objectives *

Hu Takes China's Helm with Jiang in Shadows *

Appendix A. Elected 16^th CPC Central Committee Members *

Appendix B List of Alternate 16^th CPC Central Committee Members *

Appendix C. Full Text of Resolution on CPC Central Committee Report *

Appendix D. Full Text of Resolution 0n Amendment to CPC Constitution *

Appendix E. Full Text of Resolution on CCDI Report *

Appendix F. Profiles of New Party Leadership *

Jiang Zemin – Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission *

Hu Jintao – General Secretary of the 16^th CPC Central Committee *

Wu Bangguo – Politburo Standing Central Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Wen Jiabao – Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Jia Qinglin – Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Zeng Qinghong - Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Huang Ju - Politburo Standing Committee member of CPC Central Committee *

Wu Guanzheng - Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Li Changchun - Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Luo Gan -- Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee *

Cao Gangchuan - Politburo member of CPC Central Committee *

Guo Boxiong -- Politburo member of CPC Central Committee *

 

Results of this Congress indicate that China’s direction will not change despite major changes to Beijing’s leadership. Although Jiang has stepped down as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Standing committee continues to be stacked with his allies. Moreover, his ability to maintain his position as the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) ensures his continued control of the military and its associated influence. The question remains as to whether he will relinquish this position in March when he is expected to surrender the presidency to Hu Jintao, maintains it for two years like Deng, or keeps it until the next congress in 2007. For the short-term, Hu will have to operate under Jiang’s "shadow" with little political change expected. Militarily, expect the Chinese military to become a smaller more professional and modern force whose pace of modernization will be commensurate with China’s economic growth.

China will select the next government line-up from the newly announced Standing Committee members. Turnover will occur in March 2003. Expect Hu Jintao to assume the duties as the next President. Media speculation is that Zeng Qinghong is the most likely candidate to become Vice President, Vice Premier Wen Jiabao will replace Zhu Rongji, Vice Premier Wu Bangguo will be the new head of Parliament, and Jia Qinglin will lead the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Cao Gangchuan probably will become the next Defense Minister.

Jiang’s decision to relinquish or maintain his position as Chairman of the CMC will foretell Hu’s influence on Chinese politics over the long-term. Should Jiang remain entrenched, look for his policies to remain primary with little change from present. Even if, he steps down, Jiang still has the ability to influence the government with the current stacking of the Standing Committee and his personal contacts with remaining key military leaders. Barring an untimely death, Jiang will remain the predominant influence on party policies and actions, at least until aging and incapacity begin to remove his allies and associates from the scene.

2. Background.

History of the Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded on July 1, 1921 in Shanghai, China. After 28 years of struggle, the CPC finally won victory of "new-democratic revolution" and founded the People's Republic of China in 1949. The CPC is the ruling party of China.

The Communist Party of China is founded mainly on ideology and politics. The CPC derives its ideas and policies from the people's concentrated will and then turns that will into State laws and decisions which are passed by the National People's Congress of China through the State's legal procedures. Theoretically, CPC does not take the place of the government in the State's leadership system. The Party conducts its activities within the framework of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the law and has no right to transcend the Constitution and the law. All Party members, like all citizens in the country, are equal before the law.

The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in December 1978, decided to shift the focus of the Party's work to socialist modernization and set a policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.

Any Chinese worker, peasant, member of the armed forces, intellectual or any other revolutionary who has reached the age of 18, accepts the Party's Program and Constitution and is willing to join and work actively in one of the Party organizations, carry out the Party's decisions and pay membership dues regularly, may apply for membership of the CPC. Its membership increased from 70 in 1921 to over 60 million in 1997.

The highest leading body of the Party is the National Congress and the Central Committee elected by it. The National Congress of the Party is held once every five years and convened by the Central Committee.

Previous National Congresses

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-09/25/content_574675.htm

CPC Organizational System

The Communist Party of China is an integral body organized under its program and constitution, on the principles of democratic centralism.

The basic principles of democratic centralism are:

a) Individual Party members are subordinate to the Party organizations, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower Party organizations are subordinate to the higher Party organizations, and all the constituent organizations and members of the Party are subordinate to the National Congress and the Central Committee of the Party;

b) The Party's leading organizations at all levels, except the representative offices sent out by them and the Party organizations in non-CPC organizations, will be produced through election;

c) The highest leading body of the CPC is the National Congress and the Central Committee it creates. The local Party leading bodies at various levels are the local Party congress at various levels and the committees they create. The Party's committees at various levels are responsible and report their work to the Party's congress at the same level;

d) The Party's organizations at higher level should often listen to the opinions of their subordinates as well as of Party members and the masses and solve their problems in time. The Party organizations at lower level should not only ask for instructions from and report their work to their superiors but also independently solve the problems within their own jurisdiction. The Party organizations at different levels should exchange information, supports and supervision. They should enable Party members to understand and participate more in Party's affairs;

e) Party's committees at various levels practice a system of integrating the collective leadership with individual responsibility. All major issues shall be decided upon by the Party committees after democratic discussion. Members of the Party committees shall perform their duties according to the decisions of the committees and the division of labor; and

f) The Party forbids all forms of personality cult. It should be guaranteed that the activities of Party leaders are under the supervision of the Party and the people, and meanwhile that the prestige of all leaders who represent the interests of the Party and people are safeguarded.

The delegates to the CPC congress at various levels and committees are elected by the Party members and their representatives by secret ballot. The voters have the right to learn about the candidates, require the change of candidates, vote against all candidates, and to vote for others. No organization or individual shall force voters to vote for or against a certain candidate by any means. If there is a case of violating the Party's Constitution during the election of various local Party congresses and grass-roots congresses, the Party committee at the higher lever, upon investigation and verification, shall make the decision to declare the ballot invalid and adopt corrective measures, and then report to its superior for examination and approval. The execution of the decision shall be officially announced upon its approval.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-09/26/content_576027.htm

Central Organizations of the CPC

The Central CPC organizations include the National Congress of the Party and the Central Committee it creates, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee, the Secretariat, the Central Military Commission and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

-- National Congress of the CPC. The National Congress of the CPC, which is held every five years, is the highest leading organ of the CPC. Its functions and powers include: to hear and examine the reports from the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection; to discuss and decide the major issues of the Party; to revise the Party's Constitution; to elect a new Central Committee and a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

-- Central Committee. It is the highest leading body of the CPC when the National Congress of the Party is not in session. Members and alternate members of the Central Committee must have been the Party members for at least five years. The plenary session of the Central Committee shall be held at least once a year. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee implements the decisions of the National Congress, exercises leadership over all work of the Party and represents the Communist Party of China when dealing in foreign affairs.

-- Political Bureau. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee are elected by the Plenary Session of the Central Committee. They exercise the functions and powers of the Central Committee when the latter is not in session. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee is the core of leadership over all the routine work of the Party.

-- The General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. The General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee is the highest leading position within the CPC Central Committee. It is elected from members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau by the Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee. The Party General Secretary is responsible for convening the meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its Standing Committee, and directs the work of the Secretariat of the Central Committee.

-- Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee. The Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee is an administrative body of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee. Its members are nominated by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and approved by the Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee.

-- The Central Military Commission. It is the highest military leading body of the Party under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee. The commission members are decided by the CPC Central Committee. The Party's organizational system and institutions in the armed forces are decided by the Central Military Commission.

-- The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. As the highest body of the Party for discipline inspection, the commission carries out its work under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee. Its Standing Committee, Secretary and Deputy-Secretary elected at its plenary session must be reported to the CPC Central Committee for approval.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-09/26/content_576031.htm

How CPC Congress Delegates are Elected

How are delegates of the CPC National Congress selected? Generally, they are elected according to the democratic centralism principles. The basic election procedure is as follows: I. Formulate Delegate Electoral Package. The electoral package includes the number, ratio, constitution of delegates, election method and etc. Before every CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee formulates the electoral package for the next Party congress, which would include the following main contents. To decide the quota of delegates according to an appropriate ratio of Party members. The 15th CPC National Congress had 2,050 delegates along with 60 delegates specially invited by the Central Party Committee. The 16th CPC National Congress will have 2,120 delegates. To stipulate the constitutions of delegates such as the ratio of age, educational level, profession and ethnic minority in line with the international and domestic situation, the Party’s central task and the constitutional changing in Party member groups. In recent years, the quota for the CPC National Congress is distributed principally in favor of the young, the well-educated, ethnic minorities and grass-root Party members so as to build up a young, intelligent, professional Party official group. Venerable Party members still hold certain seats but the ratio has declined obviously. To detail the requirements of delegates. To designate electoral units. The Party committees of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government are steadfast electoral units. Some electoral units may be designated according to the change of Party administrative structure in departments directly under the CPC Central Committee, offices of the central governments and affiliated institutes, and the military troops. The 15th CPC National Congress had 36 electoral units. The 16th CPC National Congress has 38 electoral units. To confirm electoral method. Since the 13th CPC National Congress, a competitive election as a margin of victory of 10 percent to 15 percent has been adopted in the election of the delegates. In October 2001, the CPC Central Committee issued a notice regarding the election of delegates for the 16th CPC National Congress, which detailed the division of electoral units, requirements for the delegates, constitutions, quota and election procedure. II. Nominate Delegate Candidates. When electoral units get the information about quota, ratio and constitutions of delegates, they start to recommend (elect) delegate candidates from grass roots to higher-level organizations and the result will be sent back to the grass roots several times for further consideration. The election of delegate candidate reflects the Communist Party’s democratic principle. Even current Central Committee leaders are not necessarily delegates for next Party congress until they are nominated and elected by relevant electoral units. (Continued)

http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Sep/43936.htm

3. Discussion.

From 8-15 November 2002, Beijing held its 16^th CPC National Congress. Highly anticipated, this forum was expected to chart China’s course over the next five years including major changes to Beijing’s leadership. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Jiang's "Three Represents'' theory, the plenum carried out in-depth discussions on major issues concerning China's reform, China’s opening-up, and its socialist modernization drive in the 21st century including its new development stage. The congress stressed that the Party must stand firm in the forefront of the times and unite and lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to accomplish three major historic tasks in bringing about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on its road to socialism with Chinese characteristics. The three tasks are to propel the modernization drive, to achieve national reunification, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development. Politically, Jiang said China would push ahead with grassroots changes which have fostered village elections and pledged that China "should never copy any models of the political systems of the West." He called for direct links to be reopened with Taiwan but refused to rule out the use of force to retake the island. Economically, he claimed that by the year 2020, China would quadruple its GDP. Militarily, China will uphold the principle of coordinated development of national defense and the economy and push forward the modernization of national defense and the army on the basis of economic growth. Jiang said China must persist in taking the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics and become more revolutionary, modernized and regularized in compliance with the general requirements of being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work, strict discipline and adequate logistic support. (See Appendix C and Appendix D for Congressional Resolutions). The majority of media coverage centered on expected leadership changes. The 24 new members of the Politburo and one alternate chosen are mostly university graduates with decades of administrative experience. They include one woman and one ethnic minority. Most were trained as engineers, many at Tsinghua University in Beijing. One-third are returning from the previous Politburo (Click here for list). The new Standing Committee was expanded from 7 to 9 members. (Click here for Biographies of new Standing Committee Members). (Click here for expected job transitions). Jiang kept his post as head of the CMC. Other CMC members include Hu Jintao and Generals Guo Boxiong and Cao Gangchuan (Click here for bios).

16 Party Congress

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Tuesday put the finishing touches to preparations for the Party's 16th national congress by approving two key documents -- amendments to the Party Constitution and a report by the 15th Central Committee of the CPC. At the seventh plenary session of the 15th central committee, it was agreed to submit the documents to the 16th National Congress of the CPC for discussion. The plenum also prepared for the convening of the 16th Party Congress, which will start on Friday, Xinhua News Agency reported Tuesday. The CPC Central Committee's Political Bureau presided over the plenum, which was addressed by Jiang Zemin, general secretary of the central committee. Altogether, 186 full central committee members were present at the gathering, joined by 139 alternate members. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Jiang's "Three Represents'' theory, the plenum carried out in-depth discussions on major issues concerning China's reform, opening-up and socialist modernization drive in the 21st century and its new development stage. The plenum, held from Sunday until Tuesday in Beijing, also decided to expel Wang Xuebing, former governor at different times of China Construction Bank and Bank of China, from the Party. Wang used to be an alternate member of the central committee. Wang was found to have accepted gifts worth millions of yuan in some cases and to have violated financial regulations when he served as the governor of Bank of China and general manager of the bank's New York branch. The State Council, China's cabinet, earlier this year punished Wang by banning him from any public employment. The case has been passed to the judiciary for further investigation. The decisions were made after an investigation by the Party's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Party's top investigative agency to crack down on corruption and other misdeeds by Party members. The plenum Tuesday approved the commission's report on its investigation. The commission, meanwhile, concluded its eighth plenary session Tuesday in Beijing. The two-day session was attended by 110 commission members. They also attended the seventh plenum of the 15th Party Central Committee as non-voting delegates. Wei Jianxing, secretary of the commission and a Standing Committee member of the Party Central Committee's Political Bureau, delivered a speech at the session. The session discussed the Work Report of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection to be submitted to the 16th CPC National Congress. It approved the report and agreed to submit it to the 16th Party National Congress for examination.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-06/92503.html

Everything is ready for the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and it will last for a week, a Party spokesman said Thursday in Beijing. The 15th Party Congress, held in 1997, also lasted one week but the duration of this year's event had not been announced until Thursday, though its starting date was made public two months ago. At the Beijing news briefing on the eve of the five-yearly congress, spokesman Ji Bingxuan said that the admission of private entrepreneurs will not change the Party's nature. "The admission of outstanding people from new social strata will not change the nature or the purpose of the Party at all,'' said Ji, also deputy director of the Party Central Committee's publicity department. Workers, farmers, intellectuals, members of the armed forces and officials at all levels remain the backbone of the Party, Ji said in response to a Hong Kong reporter's question. Outstanding people in other strata are admitted to the Party if they pass checks on their background and qualifications, acknowledge the Party's program and constitution and are willing to strive for the Party's cause. Instead of affecting the nature and purpose of the Party, recruiting them will increase the influence and cohesion of the Party throughout society, he said. It is not clear how many people from the private sector have been admitted as Party members since the 15th Party Congress, which said: "The non-public sector, including individual and private businesses, is an important component of the socialist market economy.'' But experts said they believe that a few private entrepreneurs are among the 2,114 delegates attending the 16th congress. Ji said the congress is "extremely important'' and is being held at a time when the country is entering a new stage of development in building an all-round "well-off society.'' He said the congress will map out a strategic plan for China's reform, opening-up and socialist modernization drive in the 21st century.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-08/92881.html

Under the eager gaze of the Chinese people and with the entire international community looking on, the Communist Party of China (CPC) opened its historical 16th National Congress at the Great Hall of the People Friday morning in Beijing. Jiang Zemin, on behalf of the 15th Party Central Committee, delivered a keynote report at the opening session, vowing to fully act on the important policy of the "Three Represents'' and to forge ahead with construction of a well-off society in an all-round way. Jiang defined the theme of the congress as: "To hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, and fully act on the important thought of the `Three Represents'.'' Summing up experiences gained by the Party, Jiang said the Party must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people, namely the "Three Represents.'' He added the congress will carry forward the Party's cause, keep pace with the times, help build a well-off society and speed up socialist modernization. His reading of the report, entitled "Build a well-off society in an all-round way and create a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics,'' was punctuated by many rounds of warm applause. The report consists of 10 parts: Namely "Work of the past five years and basic experience of 13 years;'' "Implementing the important thought of the `Three Represents' in an all-round way;'' "Objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way;'' "Economic development and restructuring;'' "Political development and restructuring;'' "Cultural development and restructuring;'' "National defense and army building;'' "`One country, two systems' and complete national reunification;'' "The international situation and our external work'' and "Strengthening and improving Party building.'' While summarizing China's achievements during the last five years since the Party's 15th National Congress, and the experience of the Party over the past 13 years, Jiang said great progress has been achieved in various fields including the national economy, reform and opening up, socialist democracy and spiritual civilization, and national defense and army building. "As is universally recognized, the past 13 years have been a period in which China's overall national strength has risen by a large margin, the people have received more tangible benefits than ever before, and China has enjoyed long-term social stability and solidarity and had a good government and a united people. China's influence in the world has grown notably, and the cohesion of the nation has increased remarkably,'' he told the 2,134 of the total 2,154 delegates present at the meeting.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-09/93108.html

Jiang Zemin, on behalf of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), delivered a report to the 16th CPC National Congress which opened in Beijing Friday morning. The report is titled "Build a well-off society in an all-round way and create a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics". Jiang said that the 16th CPC National Congress is the first of its kind held by the Party in the new century and it is a very important congress convened by the Party in the new situation in which China has begun to take the third step of the strategic plan for socialist modernization. The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, fully act on the important thought of Three Represents, carry forward the Party's cause into the future, keep pace with the times, build a well-off society in an all-round way, speed up socialist modernization and work hard to create a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics, Jiang said. Jiang's report consists of 10 parts: work of the past five years and basic experience of 13 years; implementing important thought of Three Represents in an all-round way; objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way; economic development and restructuring; political development and restructuring; cultural development and restructuring; national defense and army building; "one country, two systems" and completing national reunification; international situation and external work; strengthening and improving party building. Jiang summarized the achievements that China had made since the 15th CPC National Congress. In the past five years, the national economy has maintained a sustained, rapid and sound development. Reform and opening up have yielded substantial results. Notable progress has been registered in improving socialist democracy and spiritual civilization. New strides have been taken in strengthening national defense and army building. On the whole, the people have reached a well-off standard of living. Fresh progress has been made in the great cause of national reunification. New prospects have been opened up in our external work. Party building has been strengthened in an all-round way. (Continued)

http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Nov/48237.htm

The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is a meeting of great significance in the new century and Jiang Zemin's report on behalf of the 15th CPC Central Committee is a good guidance for building a well-off society and boosting socialist modernization, Hu Jintao said Friday. The theme of the congress is to hold high Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents for an overall advancement of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, Hu Jintao said at a discussion attended by delegates from Tibet. The congress conforms with the wishes of the Party and the people and represents requirements of the times and aspirations of the people, he added. The congress will surely mobilize and unite all Party members and people of all ethnic groups in the country and push forward the cause of building China-style socialism, Hu said. The important thought of Three Represents advanced by Jiang Zemin is a powerful ideological weapon for improving Party-building and developing socialism in China. It sums up the Party's historical experience, pools the Party's wisdom, adheres to Marxist principles and reflects the new situation in China and the world. It is of far-reaching significance to make the important thought of Three Represents a long-term guiding theory of the Communist Party together with Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, Hu Jintao said. (Continued)

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200211/08/eng20021108_106524.shtml

Chinese President Jiang Zemin (R) stands next to Premier Zhu Rongji as he announces the closing of the 16th Chinese Communist Party Congress in Beijing November 14, 2002. China confirmed Thursday that Jiang is retiring as Communist Party chief and that he and top colleagues will hand over to a new generation of leaders under Vice President Hu Jintao. (Andrew Wong/Reuters)

http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/021114/161/2onut.html

China's Communist Party will recruit members from new social groups, party head Jiang Zemin was due to tell delegates at a key meeting in Beijing, in an apparent reference to the party's willingness to accept capitalists. "We should admit into the Party advanced elements of other social strata who accept the Party's program and constitution," he said Friday according to a copy of his opening speech at the start of the 16th Party Congress. "We should make a point of recruiting Party members from among those in the forefront of work and production, and from among the prominent intellectuals and young people," the text of his speech said. A controversial change to the party's constitution allowing capitalists to join, proposed by Jiang, is expected to be adopted at the Congress. Jiang is among aging leaders expected to step down from their party posts at the week-long meeting.

http://sg.news.yahoo.com/021108/1/34iu9.html

China's Communist Party chief Jiang Zemin echoed Chairman Mao Zedong's refrain "Let 100 flowers bloom and 100 schools of thought contend" on Friday in an appeal for academic and political openness. But Jiang ruled out following Western-style multi-party democracy in a speech at the opening of the 16th Communist Party Congress, which is expected to focus on limited political reform within the party. "We must keep to the orientation of serving the people, and socialism, and the principle of letting 100 flowers bloom and a 100 schools of thought contend and highlight the themes of the times while encouraging diversity," Jiang said in the text of the speech prepared for delivery. Jiang said China would push ahead with grassroots changes which have fostered village elections. "We must always proceed from our national conditions, review our experience gained in practice and at the same time learn from the achievements of political civilization of mankind," he said. "We should never copy any models of the political system of the West."

http://sg.news.yahoo.com/reuters/asia-133271.html

Chinese President Jiang Zemin called for direct links to be reopened with Taiwan but refused to rule out the use of force to retake the island, saying the threat was aimed at interfering "foreign forces". "Our position of never undertaking to renounce the use of force is not directed at our Taiwan compatriots," Jiang said in speech to open the Communist Party's 16th Congress on Friday morning. "It is aimed at the foreign forces' attempts to interfere in China's reunification and the Taiwan separatist forces' schemes for 'Taiwan independence," he said. He also called for the opening of mutual links that have remained broken for five decades. "As the direct links of mail, air and shipping services, and trade across the Taiwan Straits serve the common interests of the compatriots on both sides, there is every reason to take practical and positive steps to promote such direct links," Jiang said. In a swift reaction, Taiwan urged Chinese leaders to recognize the existence of the island as a country, asking Beijing to cease its threats of military action. "We urge mainland authorities to face the reality that the Republic of China exists," said Chen Ming-tong, vice chairman of the cabinet-level Mainland Affairs Council, using the official name of the island. Analysts said that despite talk of direct links, China would want to achieve this in a way that would not boost the position of Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian, who leads a pro-independence party. Jiang reiterated an oft-repeated offer of dialogue, but again stressed the crucial condition of the one-China principle, which says both the mainland and Taiwan belong to the same nation. "On the basis of the one-China principle, let us shelve for now certain political disputes and resume the cross-strait dialogue and negotiations as soon as possible," he said.

http://sg.news.yahoo.com/021108/1/34jas.html

The presidium of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held its third meeting in Beijing Wednesday morning. The meeting -- presided over by Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin -- approved by a show of hands the lists of candidates for members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee. They also approved candidates for members of a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), in line with the results of marginal preliminary elections by all delegations. The meeting decided to submit the lists to the delegations for deliberation. Starting on Monday, the delegations held full deliberation about the preliminary lists of candidates for members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee and of candidates for members of a new CCDI. Marginal preliminary elections of candidates for the members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee and for members of the CCDI were held on Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday morning. The preliminary elections were conducted under supervision of scrutineers in accordance with the election method of the congress. The 16th CPC National Congress will hold formal elections this morning.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-14/93692.html

By the year 2020, China will become a "well-off society" in an all-around way when the country's GDP is quadrupled from that of 2000, and its overall national strength and international competitiveness will increase markedly, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Jiang Zemin told the Party's 16th Congress in Beijing Friday. China will strive to quadruple its gross domestic product (GDP) of 2000 by the year 2020, and the country's overall national strength and international competitiveness will increase markedly, Jiang Zemin said Friday. This is one of the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way expounded by Jiang Zemin in his report to the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC). China succeeded in quadrupling its GDP during the last two decades of the 20th century. Jiang said in the report that China will concentrate on building a well-off society of a higher standard in an all-round way to the benefit of well over one billion people. "We will further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster social harmony and upgrade the texture of life for the people," he said. The two decades of development will serve as an inevitable connecting link for attainting third-step strategic objectives for China's modernization drive as well as a key stage for improving the socialist market economy and opening wider to the outside world, Jiang said. Building on what is achieved at this stage and continuing to work for several more decades, China will have in the main accomplished the modernization program and turned China into a strong, prosperous, democratic and culturally advanced socialist country by the middle of this century. Jiang said that on the basis of an optimized structure and better economic returns, China will in the main achieve industrialization and establish a full-fledged socialist market economy and a more open and viable economic system. The proportion of urban population will go up considerably and the trend of widening differences between industry and agriculture, between urban and rural areas and between regions will be reversed step by step. "We will have a fairly sound social security system," Jiang said. "There will be a higher rate of employment. People will have more family property and lead a more prosperous life."

(Continued)

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200211/08/eng20021108_106504.shtml

Jiang Zemin said in Beijing Friday that China will uphold the principle of coordinated development of national defense and the economy and push forward the modernization of national defense and the army on the basis of economic growth. The army must take Mao Zedong's military thinking and Deng Xiaoping's thinking on army building in the new period as the guide to action and fully implement the important thought of Three Represents, he said in a report to the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It must persist in taking the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics and become more revolutionary, modernized and regularized in compliance with the general requirements of being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work, strict discipline and adequate logistic support, he said. "There must be no wavering in upholding the fundamental principle and system that the Party leads the people's army," Jiang said. The army must implement the military strategic principle of active defense and raise its defense capabilities and combat effectiveness under high-tech conditions, he said, adding that in response to the trend of military changes in the world, it must carry out the strategy of building a strong army through science and technology. Efforts should be made to accomplish the historical tasks of mechanization and IT application, thereby bringing about leapfrog development in the modernization of the army, Jiang said. Party organizations and governments at all levels and the people should be concerned with and support the building of national defense and the army, and the army should support and take an active part in national construction, Jiang said.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/cn/2002-11-08/93045.html

The central government has vowed to attract heavy investment into environmental protection work and development in its vast western regions, following Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin's call to build China into a "well-off'' society within two decades. The government plans to invest more than 500 billion yuan (US$60.5 billion) in planting trees and restoring grasslands in its 12 western provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities by 2010, said Li Zibin, vice-minister of the State Development Planning Commission. "Such great efforts to improve ecology are rare in the world and will consequently go down the history,'' Li, also vice-director of the Western Development Office under the State Council, told a press conference held yesterday at the Party congress. Li said environmental protection is the most urgent task for the development of the west regions, and is a concern of the whole Chinese nation. The ambitious ecological protection plan is part of the government's "go-west'' campaign, which was launched in 1999 to jump-start the economy and improve the environment of the western regions.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-13/93571.html

The presidium of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held its third meeting in Beijing Wednesday morning. The meeting, presided over by Jiang Zemin, approved by a show of hands the lists of candidates for members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee and of candidates for members of a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), in line with the results of marginal preliminary elections by all delegations. The meeting decided to submit the lists to the delegations for deliberation. Starting from Monday, the delegations held full deliberation about the preliminary lists of candidates for members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee and of candidates for members of a new CCDI. Marginal preliminary elections of candidates for the members and alternate members of a new CPC Central Committee and for members of the CCDI were held Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday morning. The preliminary elections were conducted under supervision of scrutineers in accordance with the election method of the congress. The 16th CPC National Congress will hold formal elections Thursday morning.

http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Nov/48696.htm

Delegates from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) attending the on-going 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) have expressed the army's determination to foil attempts to separate Taiwan from China. Delegates from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) attending the on-going 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) have expressed the army's determination to foil attempts to separate Taiwan from China. A Xinhua report Wednesday quoted PLA delegate Dai Changyou as saying during a panel discussion that any separatist attempt on Taiwan will not be tolerated. The same story also quoted another PLA delegate, Xu Chengyun, who said it is a task of the army to ensure the reunification of China. "The Chinese people will not allow Taiwan to be separated from China, nor will the army," said Xu. "If anyone has an eye on Taiwan independence, we will take resolute measures and smash these attempts." CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin reiterated in his keynote speech at the opening session of the congress last Friday the firm opposition to all words and deeds aimed at creating "Taiwan independence," "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan." He called for the shelving of certain political disputes and the early resumption of cross-Straits dialogue and negotiations on the basis of the one-China principle. His words were echoed by delegates attending the congress. Dai stressed the principle of "One Country, Two Systems," and efforts for the peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question.

(Continued)

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200211/14/eng20021114_106797.shtml

An amendment to the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was approved Thursday morning at the closing session of the Party's 16th National Congress, with the ``important thought of the Three Represents'' being written into the constitution. The amendment, proposed by the 15th CPC Central Committee, was examined and unanimously adopted by the congress and came into force Thursday. The CPC represents the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people, it says. As this year marks the 80th birthday of the CPC constitution, the new amendment draws close attention from both home and abroad. It is widely believed that the new amendment serves as a political declaration of the CPC in the new century and will exert far-reaching influence on the Party's development in the future. So far, altogether 14 amendments and improvements of different scales and at different levels have been made since 1922. According to the new amendment, the CPC is the vanguard both of the Chinese working class and of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation as well as the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-15/93865.html

Leadership Transition

The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) closed Thursday in Beijing after endorsing a new central leadership and a political declaration to usher in a new stage of development. Hailed as one with "great historic significance'' by Jiang Zemin, the week-long congress elected a new CPC central committee of 198 members and 158 alternate members and a 121-member Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, and adopted three key resolutions. The election for the new CPC top leadership was conducted by casting secret ballots by 2,132 delegates present at the closing session. The delegates burst into thunderous applause when the election result was announced, giving their ringing endorsement to the generational change of leadership. "With the election of a new Central Committee at the congress, the Party's central collective leadership has realized a smooth transition from the old to the new,'' Jiang said at the closing ceremony of the meeting. The congress unanimously approved the report made by Jiang on behalf of the 15th CPC Central Committee last Friday, and spoke highly of the work of the 15th CPC Central Committee. In a resolution endorsed by the congress, the delegates held that the report "is a political declaration and a program of action for the Party" in the new century. "The report expounded in a profound manner such major questions as what banner to hold, what road to take and what objectives to attain by our Party in the new century,'' it said. The congress stressed that the Party must stand firm in the forefront of the times and unite and lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to accomplish three major historic tasks in bringing about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on its road to socialism with Chinese characteristics. The three tasks are to propel the modernization drive, to achieve national reunification, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development. The resolution says the congress agrees with the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way put forward in the report.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-15/93866.html

China's communists stepped into a new age Thursday, sending President Jiang Zemin toward retirement, pushing a younger generation of leaders forward and changing their mission to welcome the nation's emerging capitalist class. Hu Jintao, the man expected to replace Jiang in the monumental task of running China in an era of rapid change, became the only top politician re-elected to the party's ruling elite. It was the most solid sign yet of his ascent to the top of the world's most populous nation. The 59-year-old vice president is the odds-on favorite to succeed Jiang as head of the party -- and as president in March -- in the first truly orderly transfer of authority since the communists took China in 1949. Today, though, the message of the party of Mao Zedong is not revolution but prosperity -- and continued relevance in the eyes of an increasingly sophisticated citizenry. "Each time at the national congress, we produce a tremendous new group of leaders. This shows that the Communist Party of China still retains enormous potential," said Wang Xiaofeng, a delegate and the governor of Hainan, an island province off the southern coast. The new generation inherits a country that has seen stunning growth in two decades of reform but faces increasing strains. Millions have lost jobs at state industries, and anger is rising about enduring rural and inland poverty as eastern cities boom. The changes in the party were announced at the end of the National Party Congress, a high-profile meeting held once every five years inside the enormous Great Hall of the People in the heart of Beijing, on fabled Tiananmen Square. (Continued)

http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-china-politics1114nov14,0,2134228.story?coll=sns%2Dap%2Dnationworld%2Dheadlines

He wasn't a revered nation-builder like Mao Zedong or a visionary like Deng Xiaoping. Lacking the revolutionary stature of the Communist Party elders who elevated him, Jiang Zemin was an unexpectedly wily politician who clung to the peak of Chinese power for 13 years. On Thursday, as expected, Jiang surrendered his position as general secretary in the inner circle of communist power, the Politburo's Standing Committee. By doing so, he launched a generational shift expected to land Vice President Hu Jintao, 59, in China's top party post Friday and in the presidency in March. Jiang, closing the weeklong meeting and in effect saying farewell, proclaimed it "a congress of unity, a congress of victory and a congress of progress." "All this," he said, "will immensely encourage the whole party and Chinese people of all ethnic groups to keep pace with the times, blaze new trails in a pioneering spirit and continue confidently to propel the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics forward." Jiang, the party secretary of Shanghai, was widely seen as a temporary choice when Deng chose him as party general secretary in 1989 after ordering the army to crush pro-democracy demonstrations in Tiananmen Square. But the university-educated engineer exhibited a consensus-oriented style of leadership that, while bland by Chinese standards, suited a country weary of decades of political persecution and failed economic utopianism. "Jiang's weakness is his strength. He relied on think tanks. He talks to other people," said Cheng Li, author of "China's Leaders: The New Generation." Jiang, a career bureaucrat apparently picked because he was inoffensive to Beijing's fractious political factions, emphasized pragmatism and middle-of-the-road nationalism. That worked to satisfy domestic constituencies, chiefly the powerful military. He shepherded along economic reforms launched by Deng that replaced Mao's collectivist experiments with a mix of capitalism and tightly controlled politics. (Continued)

Source: AP

http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-china-jiang1114nov14,0,2688355.story?coll=sns%2Dap%2Dnationworld%2Dheadlines

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_629723.htm

A former engineer whose personality and philosophy are mysteries to most Chinese became their most powerful leader Friday, appointed to guide their ruling party through economic reforms that are pushing China's doors open to a curious world. The Communist Party, China's supreme authority, chose Vice President Hu Jintao as its new general secretary. That made Hu, a politician on the rise for more than a decade, the de facto leader of Asia's fastest-growing economy and assured his election as president next year. It was communist China's first orderly transfer of authority, and had been widely expected for years. Though state media never named him as President Jiang Zemin's successor, Hu's climb through the party and government made it clear that he was being groomed for the post. In keeping with communist tradition, Jiang remained the focus to the end, his face dominating the upper front page of virtually all of Beijing's newspapers. The party's inner sanctum, the Politburo Standing Committee, is stacked with Jiang allies, and Hu, like Jiang, will have to wait years to emerge from his predecessor's shadow. At the White house, deputy press secretary Scott McClellan offered congratulations on behalf of President Bush and said Vice President Dick Cheney will visit China next year. "We look forward to working with the new team. We congratulate the new General Secretary Hu," McClellan said. "We will continue to work closely with Chinese leaders on a variety of issues as part of our important relationship with China, including human rights, religious freedoms and economic ties," he said. (Continued)

http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-china-politics1115nov15,0,2724054.story?coll=sns%2Dap%2Dnationworld%2Dheadlines

The 24 new members of the Chinese Communist Party's Politburo and one alternate chosen Friday are mostly university graduates with decades of administrative experience. They include one woman and one ethnic minority. Most were trained as engineers, many at Tsinghua University in Beijing. One-third are returning from the previous Politburo. The Politburo is the second-highest seat of power in China. Its Standing Committee, drawn from within its membership, is the true ruling elite.

_Hu Jintao, 59, general secretary of Communist Party Central Committee and vice president. Vice chairman of powerful party and government committees that run the military. Expected to succeed President Jiang Zemin (news - web sites) in March.

_Wu Bangguo, 60, vice premier. Charged with reforming moribund state enterprises.

_Wen Jiabao, 59, vice premier. Assigned to boost rural incomes and rescue crumbling banking sector.

_Jia Qinglin, 62. Until recently, party secretary of Beijing.

_Zeng Qinghong, 62, co-author of Jiang Zemin's "Three Represents" doctrine, which opened party to capitalists.

_Huang Ju, 63, former party secretary of Shanghai.

_Wu Guanzheng, 63, head of party's disciplinary arm. Party secretary of eastern province of Shandong, home to Tsingtao brewery and Haier appliance manufacturer.

_Li Changchun, 58, party secretary of the southeastern province of Guangdong, home to much of China's booming manufacturing industry.

_Luo Gan, 66, top civilian law enforcer working to regulate the Internet. Educated in the former East Germany.

POLITBURO:

_Wang Lequan, 57, party secretary of restive Muslim region of Xinjiang, home to simmering revolt against Chinese rule.

_Wang Zhaoguo, 60, vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, top government advisory body. Formerly headed government's Taiwan Affairs Office.

_Hui Liangyu, 57, party secretary of eastern province of Jiangsu, near Shanghai. Member of Muslim Hui minority.

_Liu Qi, 59, mayor and party secretary of Beijing. Presided over the capital's successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games (news - web sites).

_Liu Yunshan, 54, head of party propaganda office.

_Wu Yi, 63, only woman on the Politburo. Formerly foreign trade minister and China's top trade negotiator.

_Zhang Lichang, 62, party secretary of eastern port city of Tianjin.

_Zhang Dejiang, 55, party secretary of eastern province of Zhejiang. Studied economics at Kim Il Sung Comprehensive University in North Korea (news - web sites).

_Chen Liangyu, 55, party secretary and mayor of Shanghai. Began career in the military.

_Zhou Yongkang, 59, party secretary of southwestern province of Sichuan.

_Yu Zhengsheng, 57, party secretary of Hubei province, site of Three Gorges Dam project.

_He Guoqiang, 58, head of party's Organization Department with wide influence over party appointments.

_Guo Boxiong, 59, People's Liberation Army general. Vice chairman of party's Central Military Commission.

_Cao Gangchuan, 66, People's Liberation Army general. Vice chairman of party's Central Military Commission and chief of army procurements.

_Zeng Peiyan, 63, minister of State Development Planning Commission.

POLITBURO ALTERNATE:

_Wang Gang, 59, former director of State Archives Bureau.

http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20021115/ap_wo_en_po/china_politburo_list_1

Chinese Vice President Hu Jintao is known for being smart, cautious and, perhaps most of all, able to keep his personality and views on politics a mystery to outsiders. Recommended a decade ago by then-supreme leader Deng Xiaoping as heir apparent to President Jiang Zemin, Hu has spent time building alliances and gaining experience while drawing little attention. Despite the near-certainty of outside observers that the Communist Party congress this week would name him to replace Jiang as secretary-general, Hu gave no hint he was expecting to lead China for the next generation. Although he's the secretary-general of the congress, Hu didn't utter a public word before the meeting ended Thursday. Instead, he deferred to the 76-year-old Jiang and another party heavyweight, Li Peng -- both of whom are expected to retire after being left off the new party Central Committee announced Thursday. Hu, 59, always appears poised and well-prepared in his brief appearances. He speaks without notes, sticking to safe topics, and is said to possess a photographic memory. On overseas visits, he leaves pleasant but vague impressions. A native of the eastern farming province of Anhui, Hu is married and believed to have at least one son and a daughter. He trained as a hydroelectric engineer at prestigious Tsinghua University and worked for a time constructing power stations on the upper reaches of the Yellow River. In 1982, at age 39, Hu became the youngest member of the party's governing Central Committee before being sent to bleak, inland Guizhou province as party secretary. Some have suggested that his experience in the impoverished area might make him more inclined to devote resources to China's poor west than have his predecessors, who developed the booming cities on the east coast. (Continued)

Source: AP

http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-china-hu1114nov14,0,6393983.story?coll=sns%2Dap%2Dnationworld%2Dheadlines

Despite expectations that sweeping personnel changes are imminent at the apex of Chinese politics, mystery still reigns over who will emerge from the ongoing Party Congress to replace the ageing warriors now in command of the military. President Jiang Zemin, 76, is likely to step down as party head on Friday and president next March. However it is far from clear whether he will also step down as chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), a post which makes him commander-in-chief of the vast People's Liberation Army. Although Jiang has long been seen as trying to hang on to his top military post, other leaders of his generation including parliamentary head Li Peng and Premier Zhu Rongji appear set to stand down from all their party and state jobs. The CMC is a more important leadership tool than it might appear, experts say. "China's system of generational leaders is best reflected in who is the chairman of the Central Military Commission," said Kou Chien-wen, a China scholar at Taiwan's National Chengchi University. "Since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, there have only been three CMC chairmen -- Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin -- all key leaders of their generation." What happens to Jiang will not only have an impact on the makeup of China's next party and state leadership, but will also be crucial to the leadership of the military, he said. "If Jiang hands over the CMC chairmanship to (Vice President and CMC vice chairman) Hu Jintao on Friday, then this will mean that Jiang has agreed to fully retire," said Kou, who follows China's military closely. "But a lot of people are guessing that Jiang will not step down from the CMC chairmanship for several more years, or at least until next March when he resigns as president."

Whatever happens, however, wholesale changes are expected on the CMC, where seven of the 11 current members are over 70 years old, the unwritten age limit for new party and state appointments. (Continued)

http://www.defense-aerospace.com/

Jiang Zemin and five of his colleagues in the Party's top decision-making body are not on a new central committee of the CPC elected in Beijing this morning. His five colleagues are: Li Peng and Zhu Rongji, both 74, Li Ruihuan, 68, Wei Jianxing, 71, and Li Lanqing, 70. The only member of the 15th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee who has entered the 16th CPC central committee is 59-year-old Hu Jintao.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2002-11-14/93833.html

Jiang Zemin, chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CPC), urged the whole army and armed police to work hard to build a more revolutionary, modernized and regular army. "All officers and men must uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the army, always adhere to the true qualities and work style of the people's army, and strive for a fast development by accelerating the building and reform of the army," Jiang said Friday afternoon when meeting with army delegates to the just-ended 16th CPC National Congress. Hu Jintao participated in the meeting. Also present at the meeting were Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Zhang Wannian and Chi Haotian. Jiang expressed his warm regards to the army veterans and to all the officers and men of the entire army and armed police. Jiang said that great achievements have been made in national defense and army building over the past 13 years and that all officers and men have performed fresh exploits in defending and developing the nation. Strengthening national defense is a strategic task in China's modernization drive and an important guarantee for building a well-off society in an all-round way, Jiang said. The international situation, Jiang said, is complex and changeable and profound changes are taking place in the military realm in the world, offering both opportunities and challenges to national defense and army building in China. The Party congress has put forward new requirements for national defense and army building, Jiang said, stressing that all officers and men should see clearly the situation, bear in mind their mission, and push ahead with the army's modernization.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_631515.htm

The lineup of the new top Chinese leadership presented on Friday before the national and international press was, in order of ranking, Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun and Luo Gan. However, in the list of the official biographies handed out after the ceremony, the name of Jiang Zemin was still the first, as he had been, expectedly, elected president of the Military Commission. And Hu in his opening speech underscored the importance of Jiang's theory of the "Three Represents" as the compass for the actions of the Chinese Communist Party. Jiang will thus withdraw now from many duties that will be taken over by Hu. The new head of the party seemed keen from the start on conveying the idea of unity in the leadership. He humored the lowest-ranked member of the new Standing Committee, who is, however, the oldest of the group, calling Luo Gan womende da ge, "our elder brother", which also means something like "our boss". Overall, the politburo, enlarged to nine people, looks more like a ministerial cabinet, and given the number of members, larger than usual (the Standing Committee has been as small as five people), will further guarantee Jiang's lasting influence, as the larger group implies longer consultations that will involve the president. Another feature witnessing to Jiang's importance is the age factor. The politburo members are almost all in their 60s and Hu, 59, is one of the younger guys. Age difference has been traditionally important in China to establish one's authority, and Hu appears to be among peers. Jiang, 76, conversely sticks out for being at least a decade older than the older guys now on the wheel, a further testimony of his importance. (Continued)

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/DK16Ad03.html

Jiang Zemin is to stay head of the Communist Party’s Central Military Commission, which commands the army, the official Xinhua news agency said on Friday, allowing him to wield power after retiring as party chief. But Xinhua did not say how long Jiang would stay on as head of the body. Jiang’s predecessor, Deng Xiaoping, remained CMC chairman for two years after leaving the party’s Politburo Standing Committee in 1987. Analysts have said Jiang had until the annual session of parliament next March to resign as chairman of both the part y CMC and its mirror image government body, the state CMC. Vice President and new party chief Hu Jintao and Generals Guo Boxiong and Cao Gangchuan were elected vice chairmen of the CMC, Xinhua said.

http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2002/nov/16/world/20021116wor1.html

Hu Jintao, newly elected general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, said here Friday that the new CPC central leadership will firmly carry out the development objectives outlined in Jiang Zemin's report to the 16th CPC National Congress. Hu made the remark when meeting with Chinese and overseas reporters covering the congress. He noted that Jiang Zemin's report to the congress sums up the experience in the past 13 years, expounds the fundamental requirements for implementing the important thought of Three Represents, and makes clear the objectives of the Party and state in the first two decades of the new century. The report also talks about policies concerning economy, politics, culture, national defense, reunification of the motherland, diplomacy and Party building, he added. "All these reflect the will of the entire Communist Party of China and represent the aspiration of people of all ethnic groups in China," Hu said. "They are the political declaration and action plan for our Party in the new development stage of the new century." He pledged that the new central leadership would unswervingly and persistently carry them out.

http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/cn/2002-11-15/94053.html

The new Standing Committee, expanded to nine members for the first time since 1973, contained six people with close affiliation to Jiang, analysts said. Premier Zhu Rongji's favorite -- Vice Premier Wen Jiabao, 60 -- became number three in the party and is expected to take over the reins of Asia's fastest growing economy next year. Parliament chief Li Peng's protege -- internal security Czar Luo Gan, 67 -- was last in the nine-man leadership, although not head of the party's anti-corruption body as expected. The rest all have links to Jiang, either through personal friendship or as part of a "Shanghai Gang" of natives and former officials from the country's financial center and surrounding provinces, Chinese sources said. Most important was the promotion of Jiang's main adviser and hatchet man, Zeng Qinghong, 63, who takes over the day-to-day running of the party as head of its powerful Secretariat.

Vice Premier Wu Bangguo, 61, a former Shanghai party boss, became party number two and is expected to take over the parliament in March, when the old guard leaders step down from their government posts. Beijing's former party boss, Jia Qinglin, 62, and a close friend of Jiang, joined the Standing Committee despite being tainted by a huge smuggling scandal that unfolded when he was party boss in the southeastern province of Fujian. He is expected to take a back seat role in the leadership -- most likely as head of the toothless Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Chinese sources say. Huang Ju, 64, who stepped down as Shanghai party chief last month, took the number six slot and is likely to become the executive vice premier. Wu Guanzheng, 64, party boss in the eastern province of Shandong, was number seven and took over the party's anti-corruption Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. He is seen as close to Jiang but acceptable to others. Number eight was Li Changchun, 58, party boss of the southern province of Guangdong and a loyal supporter of Jiang.

http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20021115/wl_nm/china_congress_dc_58

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630925.htm

Appendix A. Elected 16^th CPC Central Committee Members

The following is a list of the 198 members of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) elected at the 16th CPC National Congress here Thursday (listed in the order of the number of strokes in their surnames):

　　Xi Jinping   Ma Kai   Ma Qizhi (Hui)

　　Ma Xiaotian   Wang Gang   Wang Chen

　　Wang Yunlong   Wang Yunkun   Wang Taihua

　　Wang Lequan   Wang Zhaoguo   Wang Zhongfu

　　Wang Xudong   Wang Qishan   Wang Huning

　　Wang Jinshan   Wang Jianmin   Wang Shengjun

　　Wang Hongju   Uyunqimg (Female,Mongolian)

　　Deng Changyou   Shi Yunsheng   Shi Xiushi

　　Shi Zongyuan (Hui)  Lu Zhangong   Tian Fengshan

　　Tian Chengping   Tian Congming   Bai Lichen (Hui)

　　Bai Zhijian   Bai Keming   Bai Enpei

　　Ismail Amat (Uygur)   Legqog (Tibeten)

　　Lu Fuyuan   Hui Liangyu (Hui)   Zhu Qi

　　Qiao Qingchen   Hua Jianmin   Doje Cering (Tibeten)

　　Liu Jing   Liu Qi   Liu Yunshan

　　Liu Shutian   Liu Dongdong   Liu Yongzhi

　　Liu Yandong (f.)   Liu Huaqiu   Liu Zhijun

　　Liu Zhenhua   Liu Zhenwu   Xu Yongyue

　　Xu Qiliang   Sun Zhiqiang   Sun Jiazheng

　　Mou Xinsheng   Su Rong   Du Qinglin

　　Li Changjiang   Li Changchun   Li Zhilun

　　Li Zhaozhuo (Zhuang)   Li Andong

　　Li Keqiang   Li Jinhua   Li Jianguo

　　Li Rongrong   Li Dongheng   Li Guixian

　　Li Tielin   Li Jinai   Li Qianyuan

　　Li Shenglin   Li Zhaoxing   Li Dezhu (Korean)

　　Li Yizhong   Yang Yuanyuan   Yang Zhengwu (Tujia)

　　Yang Huaiqing   Yang Deqing   Xiao Yang

　　Wu Yi (f.)   Wu Shuangzhan   Wu Bangguo

　　Wu Guanzheng   He Yong   Wang Guangtao

　　Wang Shucheng   Wang Xiaofeng   Shen Binyi

　　Song Fatang   Song Zhaosu   Song Defu

　　Chi Wanchun   Zhang Yunchuan   Zhang Zhongwei

　　Zhang Wentai   Zhang Wenkang   Zhang Yutai

　　Zhang Zuoji   Zhang Lichang   Zhang Qingwei

　　Zhang Qingli   Zhang Xuezhong   Zhang Chunxian

　　Zhang Junjiu   Zhang Gaoli   Zhang Weiqing

　　Zhang Fusen   Zhang Dejiang   Zhang Delin

　　Lu Hao   Abul'ahat Abdurixit (Uygur)

　　Chen Yunlin   Chen Zhili (f.)   Chen Chuankuo

　　Chen Liangyu   Chen Jianguo   Chen Kuiyuan

　　Chen Bingde   Chen Fujin   Luo Gan

　　Luo Qingquan   Ji Yunshi   Jin Renqing

　　Zhou Qiang   Zhou Xiaochuan   Zhou Yongkang

　　Zhou Shengtao   Zhou Yuqi   Zheng Wantong

　　Zheng Silin   Meng Xuenong   Meng Jianzhu

　　Xiang Huaicheng   Zhao Keming   Zhao Leji

　　Zhao Qizheng   Hu Jintao   Niu Maosheng (Manchu)

　　Yu Zhengsheng   Wen Shizhen   Jiang Futang

　　Hong Hu   He Guoqiang   Yuan Weimin

　　Raidi (Tibetan)   Jia Qinglin   Jia Zhibang

　　Jia Chunwang   Chai Songyue   Qian Yunlu

　　Qian Guoliang   Qian Shugen   Xu Caihou

　　Xu Kuangdi   Xu Youfang   Xu Guangchun

　　Xu Rongkai   Xu Guanhua   Gao Siren

　　Guo Boxiong   Guo Jinlong   Tang Tianbiao

　　Tang Jiaxuan   Huang Ju   Huang Huahua

　　Huang Qingyi (f.)   Huang Zhiquan   Huang Zhendong

　　Cao Gangchuan   Cao Bochun   Chang Wanquan

　　Fu Tinggui   Yan Haiwang   Liang Guanglie

　　Sui Mingtai   Ge Zhenfeng   Han Zheng

　　Chu Bo   Zeng Qinghong   Zeng Peiyan

　　Wen Zongren   Wen Jiabao   Pu Haiqing

　　Meng Jinxi   Lei Mingqiu   Yu Yunyao

　　Lu Yongxiang   Xie Zhenhua   Jing Zhiyuan

　　Liao Hui   Liao Xilong   Teng Wensheng

　　Bo Xilai   Dai Bingguo (Tujia)

　　Dai Xianglong   Wei Liqun

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_630164.htm

Appendix B List of Alternate 16^th CPC Central Committee Members

Following is a list of the 158 alternate members of the 16th CPC Central Committee elected at the 16th National Party Congress here Thursday (listed in the order ofthe number of votes they received or, in the case of the same number of votes, in the order of the number of strokes in their surnames):

　　Ashat Kerimbay (Kazak)   Wang Zhengwei (Hui)   Zhu Zuliang

　　Du Xuefang (f.)   Yang Chuantang   Qiu Yanhan

　　Zheng Lizhong   Wang Jun  Zhu  Zhixin

　　Quan Zhezhu (Korean)  Yang Limin  Zhang Huazhu

　　Huang Yao (Bouyei)  Peng Zuyi (Yao)  Zhai Huqu

　　Wang Xia (f.)   Zhi Shuping   Liu Zemin

　　Liu Dewang   Yang Jing (Mongolian)   Song Xiuyan (f.)

　　Zhang Baoshun   Hu Yongzhu   Jiang Daming

　　Gao Zhongxing   Guo Gengmao   Huang Xuanping (Hui)

　　Fu Guihua (f. Li)   Guan Guozhong (Dai)   Shi Yuzhen (f. Miao)

　　Bai Chunli (Manchu)   Qiangba Puncog (Tibetan)   Liu Qibao

　　Sun Shuyi   Du Yuxin   Li Jingtian (Manchu)

　　Yang Yongmao   Wu Yuqian   Zhang Xiaozhong

　　Chen Ximing (f.)   Lin Mingyue (f.)   Lin Shusen

　　Luo Zhengfu (Yi)   Yue Fuhong   Hu Biao

　　Yuan Chunqing   Liang Baohua   Wen Xisen

　　Bai Jingfu   Qiao Chuanxiu (f.)   Liu Shiquan

　　Li Ke (Zhuang)   Li Chuncheng   Yang Yongliang

　　Zhang Ping   Zhang Xingxiang   Chen Xunqiu

　　Luo Baoming   Zhou Shengxian   Yuan Shoufang

　　Nie Weiguo   Li Zhanshu   Xu Shousheng   Ma Zhigeng   Wang Mingfang   Rinqengyai (Tibetan)

　　Long Xinmin   Ismail Tiliwaldi (Uygur)   Zhu Fazhong

　　Liu Peng   Sun Gan   Li Changyin

　　Wu Qidi (f.)   Wu Xinxiong   Song Airong (f.)

　　Fan Changlong   Yue Xicui (f.)   Huang Xingguo

　　Cao Jianming   Xie Qihua (f.)   Pei Huailiang

　　Liu Yungeng   Sun Zhongtong   Du Shicheng

　　Li Chengyu (Hui)   Shen Yueyue (f.)   Zhang Wenyue

　　Ou Guangyuan   Ou Zegao (Tibetan)   Xia Baolong

　　Xi Zhongchao   Jiang Wenlan (f.)   Xie Xuren

　　Xue Yanzhong   Wang Qian   Ye Xiaowen

　　Zhu Chengyou   Li Jiheng   Wu Aiying (f.)

　　Wu Quanxu   Min Weifang   Jiang Yikang

　　Wang Sanyun   Liu Jie   Wu Dingfu

　　Zhang Li   Zhu Yanfeng   Xi Guohua

　　Guo Shengkun   Ding Yiping   Liu Mingkang

　　Chen Shaoji   Zhou Tongzhan   Wei Liucheng

　　Li Yuanchao   Shang Fulin   Jiang Jianqing

　　Pan Yunhe   Ma Fucai   Wang Zhengfu (Miao)   Zhu Wenquan   Sun Chunlan (f.) 

    Lin Zuoming   Wang Jiarui   Lu Zushan   Liu Yupu

　　Liu Yuejun   Li Hongzhong   Yang Jiechi

　　Qin Guangrong   Tao Jianxing   Wang Mingquan

　　Shi Dahua   Shi Lianxi (f.)   Huang Jiefu

　　Shu Xiaoqin (f.)   Su Xintian   Zhang Xuan (f.)

　　Du Deyin   Yin Yicui (f.)   Wang Yang

　　Tie Ning (f.)   Qiu Xueqiang   Zhang Ruimin

　　Li Zhijian   Ji Bingxuan   Zhang Dingfa

　　Qiang Wei   Xiong Guangkai   Ling Jihua

　　San Xiangjun   Xu Zhigong   Chen Yuan

　　Deng Pufang   Su Shulin   Huang Liman (f.)

　　Wang Luolin   You Xigui   

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_630188.htm

Appendix C. Full Text of Resolution on CPC Central Committee Report

 

The following is the full text of the Resolution of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on the Report of the 15th CPC Central Committee, adopted by the 16th CPC National Congress on November 14, 2002:

　　The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has approved the report made by Comrade Jiang Zemin on behalf of the 15th CPC Central Committee. The report has expounded in a profound manner such major questions as what banner to hold, what road to take and what objectives to attain by our Party in the new century. It has made overall arrangements for reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive. It is a political declaration and a program of action for the Party to unite with and lead the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country in forging ahead at the new stage in the new century.

　　The Congress holds that the theme of the report accords with the tide of the times and the sentiments of all Party members and the people. The whole Party should hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, fully act on the important thought of Three Represents, carry forward our cause into the future, keep pace with the times, build a well-off society in an all-round way, speed up socialist modernization and work hard to create a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Congress stresses that our Party must stand firm in the forefront of the times and unite with and lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in accomplishing the three major historical tasks: to propel the modernization drive, to achieve national reunification and to safeguard world peace and promote common development, and in bringing about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on its road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　The Congress highly values the work of the 15th CPC Central Committee. Since the convocation of the 15th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core has led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in traversing an extraordinary course and scoring tremendous achievements in reform, development and stability, domestic and foreign affairs and national defense and in running the Party, state and army. The major policy decisions made by the Central Committee at and since the 15th National Congress are correct. Our achievements provide a more solid foundation for the future development of the cause of the Party and state.

　　The Congress approves the summary made by the 15th CPC Central Committee of the great practice over the past 13 years since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee and unanimously agrees on the basic experience as the Party leads the people in building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Congress maintains that this experience and the historical experience gained by the Party since its founding can be summarized as follows: Our Party must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. They are the inexorable requirements for maintaining and developing socialism and the logical conclusion our Party has reached through hard exploration and great practice. The whole Party must uphold the basic theories, line, program and experience of the Party and do a better job in all fields of endeavor.

　　The Congress unanimously agrees to establish the important thought of Three Represents, Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory as the guiding ideology of the Party. As a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents reflects new requirements for the work of the Party and state arising from the changes in China and other parts of the world today. It is a powerful theoretical weapon for strengthening and improving Party building and promoting self-improvement and development of socialism in China. Persistent implementation of the "Three Represents" is the foundation for building our Party, the cornerstone for its governance and the source of its strength. The implementation of the important thought of Three Represents is, in essence, to keep pace with the times, maintain the Party's progressiveness and exercise the state power in the interest of the people. All Party members must be keenly aware of this basic requirement and become more conscious of and determined in implementing this important thought. The Congress points out that for our country, the first two decades of the 21st century are a period of important strategic opportunities, which we must seize tightly and which offers bright prospects. The Congress agrees with the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way put forward in the report and holds that the objectives are of great significance for rallying the forces of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups and speeding up the socialist modernization drive. In order to attain these objectives, it is imperative to come up with new ideas for development, make new breakthroughs in reform, break new ground in opening up and take new moves in all fields of endeavor.

　　The Congress agrees on the arrangements for China's economic, political and cultural development and reform made in the report. It emphasizes that development is our Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country and that it is imperative to take economic development as the central task, keep releasing and developing the productive forces, improve the socialist market economy, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that of sustainable development, promote strategic adjustment of the economic structure, basically accomplish industrialization, energetically apply IT, accelerate modernization, maintain a sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy and steadily uplift the people's living standards. Adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles, we must go on steadily and surely with political restructuring, extend socialist democracy and build socialist political civilization in order to build a socialist country under the rule of law and consolidate and develop the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, stability and harmony. It is necessary to make major efforts to develop socialist culture and spiritual civilization, continue to carry forward and cultivate the national spirit, promote ideological and ethical progress, develop education and science, make cultural innovation and enhance the attraction and appeal of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics. The Congress holds that strengthening our national defense is an important guarantee for safeguarding our national security and unity and building a well-off society in an all-round way. The Congress approves the arrangements for building national defense and the army made in the report. The Congress stresses the need to adhere to the basic principles of "peaceful reunification" and "one country, two systems" and the eight-point proposal on developing cross-Straits relations and advancing the process of peaceful national reunification at the present stage in order to achieve the complete reunification of the motherland ultimately.

　　The Congress agrees with the report on its analysis of the international situation and all the principles it puts forth for the external work, stressing the need to pursue the independent foreign policy of peace and work with all nations to safeguard the common interests of mankind, boost world multipolarization, oppose all forms of hegemonism and power politics, and advance the lofty cause of world peace and development.

　　The Congress stresses that we must spare no efforts to strengthen and improve the Party's leadership and fully advance the great new undertaking of Party building in building a well-off society in an all-round way and speeding up the socialist modernization drive. It is necessary to adhere to the principle that the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members, build up the Party ideologically, organizationally and in its style of work, raise all Party members' level of the Marxist theory, build up the Party's governing capacity, reinforce its class foundation and expand its mass base, and keep the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the people. It is essential to take a clear-cut stand and never waver in carrying on the fight against corruption in depth.

　　The Congress requires that in the face of a world that is far from being tranquil and the formidable tasks before us, all Party members should be mindful of the potential danger and stay prepared against adversities in times of peace, that we should be keenly aware of the rigorous challenges brought about by the ever-sharpening international competition as well as risks and difficulties that may arise on our road ahead, and that we should bear in mind the overall interests of our Party all the more deeply, cherish the solidarity all the more dearly and safeguard stability all the more firmly.

　　The Congress calls on all Party comrades and the people of all ethnic groups of the country to rally closely around the Party Central Committee and work with one heart and one mind in a joint and unyielding effort to advance the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and create a happier life and a better future for us all!

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_630179.htm

Appendix D. Full Text of Resolution 0n Amendment to CPC Constitution

The following is the full text of the Resolution of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on the Amendment to the Constitution of the CPC, adopted by the 16th CPC National Congress on November 14, 2002:

　　The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has examined and unanimously adopted the amendment to the Constitution of the Communist Party of China proposed by the 15th CPC Central Committee and decided that it shall come into force as from the date of its adoption.

　　The Congress unanimously agrees to make it clear in the Constitution that the Communist Party of China is the vanguard both of the Chinese working class and of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation as well as the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and that it represents the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The realization of communism is the highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party. The Congress holds that such a definition of the Party's nature accords with the history and realities of our Party and conforms to the requirements of the times. It can help bring into play all Party members' enthusiasm, initiative and creativity to the broadest possible extent and enable the Party to unite with and lead the people in a joint effort to build socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Congress calls on all Party comrades to deepen their understanding of the fact that the development and improvement of the socialist system is a long historical process, persist in integrating the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of China, and keep with great confidence to the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　The Congress holds that since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their chief representative, have acquired through the practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics a deeper understanding of what socialism is, how to build it and what kind of a party to build and how to build it, accumulated new valuable experience in running the Party and state and formed the important thought of Three Represents.

　　The Congress unanimously agrees to make it clear in the Constitution that the Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as its guide to action and that the important thought of Three Represents is a guiding ideology that the Party must uphold for a long time to come. Such a provision is of great and far-reaching significance for ensuring unity in thinking and action of the Party and for enabling our Party to unite with and lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in accomplishing the three major historical tasks: to propel the modernization drive, to achieve national reunification, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development, and in bringing about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on its road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　The Congress agrees that to incorporate into the Constitution the idea of building a well-off society in an all-round way, which is an objective set by the current Congress, is of great significance to the work of the Party. It can help mobilize the whole Party to seize tightly the first two decades of the 21st century, which are a period of important strategic opportunities, focus on reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive and work to bring about an all-round development of the socialist market economy, socialist democracy and advanced socialist culture.

　　The Congress maintains that the following are significant achievements our Party has scored in its practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics: to uphold and improve the basic economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side; keep and improve the system of distribution under which distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist; uphold and improve the socialist market economy; implement the strategy of rejuvenation of the nation through science and education and that of sustainable development; promote a coordinated development of the socialist material, political and spiritual civilizations; rule the country according to law and build a socialist country under the rule of law; and combine the rule of law with rule of virtue. To include all this in the Constitution can help all Party comrades to implement the Party's line, principles and policies more consciously and more firmly, and better lead the people in creating a new situation in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　The Congress holds that it is conducive to reinforcing the Party's class foundation and expanding its mass base, and thus enhancing the Party's rallying power and influence in society at large to make it clear in the Constitution that any Chinese worker, farmer, member of the armed forces, intellectual or any advanced element of other social strata who has reached the age of eighteen and who accepts the Party's program and Constitution and is willing to join and work actively in one of the Party organizations, carry out the Party's decisions and pay membership dues regularly may apply for membership in the CPC.

　　The Congress believes that it is very important for an all-round advancement of the great new undertaking of Party building to set clearer requirements in the Constitution in respect of Party building and the Party leadership, the duties to be fulfilled by Party members, the basic rules of procedure and decision-making mechanism within Party committees, the building of primary Party organizations, the essential qualifications of Party leading cadres at all levels, the main tasks of Party discipline inspection organs, and the status and tasks of leading Party members' groups in light of the new situation and new tasks of the Party and on the basis of new experience in Party building in recent years.

　　The Congress urges Party organizations at all levels and all Party members to earnestly study and firmly abide by the Party Constitution, fully strengthen and improve Party building ideologically, organizationally and in its style of work, enhance the Party's art of leadership and governance, strengthen their capacity to resist corruption and degeneration and withstand risks, and further enhance the Party's creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness so that our Party will always maintain its strong vitality throughout the great course of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_630174.htm

Appendix E. Full Text of Resolution on CCDI Report

The following is the full text of the Resolution of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on the Work Report of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), adopted by the 16th CPC National Congress on November 14, 2002):

　　The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has examined and approved the Work Report of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. The Congress fully affirms the work of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

　　The Congress urges the central and local commissions for discipline inspection at all levels to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, fully act on the important thought of Three Represents, conscientiously study and implement the spirit of the 16th CPC National Congress, uphold the principle that the Party is strict with its members, earnestly accomplish all the tasks specified in the CPC Constitution, keep pace with the times, blaze new trails in a pioneering spirit, and further improve the discipline inspection so as to ensure a smooth implementation of the Party's line, principles and policies. The Congress also urges them to intensify their efforts in improving the Party's work style, building a clean and honest government and combating corruption, and work for the overall interest of reform, development and stability. Party committees at all levels should take the important thought of Three Represents as their guide to action, continue to strengthen their leadership over the work of discipline inspection, strengthen Party building, and unswervingly fulfill all the tasks of combating corruption and building a clean and honest government assigned by the Party Central Committee. They should make sustained efforts to improve the Party's work style, build a clean and honest government and carry on the fight against corruption in depth so as to provide a political guarantee for the implementation of the strategic planning and major policy decisions made at the 16th CPC National Congress.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/14/content_630227.htm

Appendix F. Profiles of New Party Leadership

The 16th National Congress was attended by 2,114 delegates and 40 others who were specially invited, representing over 66 million Party members.

Of all the delegates to the congress, 97.5 percent joined the CPC after the founding of New China.

Another feature of the delegates to the 16th National Congress is that they are better educated and younger. Ten years ago, 70.7 percent of the delegates to the 14th National Congress received at least a college education. Now the proportion reaches 91.6 percent.

What's more, 63.2 percent of the delegates to the current congress are 55 or younger, as compared with 58.9 percent a decade ago.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/06/content_620942.htm

Jiang Zemin – Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission

Jiang Zemin, born on 17 August 1926, is a native of Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. He is Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President of the People's Republic of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China.

He participated in the students' movement led by underground CPC organizations from 1943 and joined the CPC in April 1946. He graduated from the Electrical Machinery Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1947.

After the liberation of Shanghai, he served successively as deputy engineer, chief of the works section and concurrently head of the power workshop, Party branch secretary and first deputy director of Shanghai Yimin No. 1 Foodstuff Factory, first deputy director of Shanghai Soap Factory, chief of the electrical machinery section of Shanghai No. 2 Design Division of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry.

He worked as a trainee at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in 1955.

After returning to China in 1956, he worked as deputy chief of the dynamic mechanics division, deputy chief engineer for dynamic mechanics of the First Automobile Plant in Changchun and director of the power factory in the plant.

After 1962, he served successively as deputy director of the Shanghai Electrical Equipment Research Institute under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry, director and acting Party committee secretary of the Wuhan Heat-Power Machinery Institute under the Ministry, deputy director-general and director-general of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry.

After 1980, he served as vice-chairman and concurrently secretary-general of the State Administration Commission on Import and Export Affairs and the State Administration Commission on Foreign Investment and a member of the Leading Party Members' Groups of the two commissions.

After 1982, he served as first vice-minister and deputy secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Ministry of Electronics Industry and minister and secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Ministry.

After 1985, he served as mayor of Shanghai and deputy secretary and secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee. He was elected member of the CPC Central Committee at the Twelfth CPC National Congress in September 1982.

In November 1987, he was elected member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at the First Plenary Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee. In June 1989, he was elected member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and general secretary of the CPC Central Committee at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee.

In November 1989, he was elected chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee.

In March 1990, he was elected chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. In October 1992, he was elected member of the Political Bureau, its Standing Committee and general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission at the First Plenary Session of the Fourteenth CPC Central Committee.

In March 1993, he was elected president of the People's Republic of China and chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress.

In September 1997, he was elected member of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee and general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission at the First Plenary Session of the Fifteenth CPC Central Committee. In March 1998, he was re-elected president of the People's Republic of China and chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China at the First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress.

In November 2002, he was re-elected chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission at the First Plenary Session of the Sixteenth CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_631082.htm

Hu Jintao – General Secretary of the 16^th CPC Central Committee

Hu Jintao, male, 59, Han nationality, a native of Jixi, Anhui Province, was born in December 1942. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in April 1964 and began to work in July 1965. He graduated from the Water Conservancy Engineering Department of Tsinghua University where he had majored in the study of hub hydropower stations. With a university education, he holds the title as an engineer.

He is now general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, vice-chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, vice-president of the People's Republic of China, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China and president of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.

1959-1964 Student at the Water Conservancy Engineering Department of Tsinghua University

1964-1965 Postgraduate and political instructor at the Water Conservancy Engineering Department of Tsinghua University

1965-1968 Participated in R&D at the Water Conservancy Engineering Department of Tsinghua University and served as political instructor before the start of the "Cultural Revolution"

1968-1969 Worked with the housing construction team of Liujia Gorge Engineering Bureau, Ministry of Water Conservancy

1969-1974 Technician and secretary of No. 813 Sub-Bureau, Fourth Engineering Bureau, Ministry of Water Conservancy and deputy-secretary of the general Party branch of the sub-bureau's head office

1974-1975 Secretary at the Gansu Provincial Construction Committee (GPCC)

1975-1980 Deputy director of the design management division, GPCC

1980-1982 Vice-chairman of GPCC and secretary of the Gansu Provincial Committee of the Communist Youth League (Sept. 1982-Dec.1982)

1982-1984 Secretary, Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, Chairman of the All-China Youth Federation

1984-1985 First secretary, Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China

1985-1988 Secretary of the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee

1988-1992 Secretary of the Party Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region

1992-1993 Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, and member of the Secretariat

of the CPC Central Committee

1993-1998 Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee

1998-1999 Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, Vice-president of the People's Republic of China, President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee

1999-2002 Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, Vice-chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, Vice-president of the People's Republic of China, Vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee

2002- General secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Vice-chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, Vice-president of the People's Republic of China, Vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee

He was an alternate member, member of the 12th CPC Central Committee, member of the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee. He was a member of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee, and member of the Secretariat of the 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and is a member of the Political Bureau and of its Standing Committee, and general secretary of the 16th CPC Central Committee. He was made an additional vice-chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission at the fourth plenary session of the 15th CPC Central Committee. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630977.htm

Wu Bangguo – Politburo Standing Central Committee Member of CPC Central Committee

Wu Bangguo, male, 60, Han nationality, a native of Feidong County, Anhui Province, was born in July 1941. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in April 1964 and began working in September 1966. He graduated from the specialty of electron tube of the Department of Radio Electronics of Tsinghua University. With a university education, he holds the title as an engineer. He serves as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-premier of the State Council, a member of its Leading Party Members' Group and Secretary of the Work Committee of Large Enterprises of the CPC Central Committee.

1960-1967 Student majoring in electron tube at the Department of Radio Electronics of Tsinghua University

1967-1976 Worker and technician of Shanghai No. 3 Electronic Tube Factory, deputy chief and chief of its technical section

1976-1978 Deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Shanghai No. 3 Electronic Tube Factory, deputy director of its revolutionary committee, deputy factory director, deputy secretary of the Party committee of the factory and factory director

1978-1979 Deputy manager of Shanghai Electronic Elements Company

1979-1981 Deputy manager of Shanghai Electron Tube Company

1981-1983 Deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Shanghai Meters, Instruments and Telecommunications Bureau

1983-1985 Member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee and secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee in Charge of Science and Technology

1985-1991 Deputy secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee

1991-1992 Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee

1992-1994 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee

1994-1995 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

1995-1997 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and vice-premier of the State Council

1997-1998 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice-Premier of the State Council

1998-1999 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice-Premier of the State Council and secretary of the Central Work Committee of Large Enterprises

1999-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-premier of the State Council, member of its Leading Party Members' Group and secretary of the Central Work Committee of Large Enterprises

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-premier of the State Council, member of its Leading Party Members' Group and secretary of the Central Work Committee of Large Enterprises

He was alternate member of the 12th and 13th CPC Central Committees, member of the 14th CPC Central Committee, and member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. He was elected an additional member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee at the 4th Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee. He was member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and member of its Political Bureau. He is member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, member of its Political Bureau and Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630976.htm

 

Wen Jiabao, male, 59, Han nationality, a native of Tianjin, was born in September 1942. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in April 1965 and began working in September 1967. He graduated from the specialty of geological structure of Beijing Institute of Geology. He is a postgraduate and engineer.

He serves as member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice-Premier of the State Council, member of its Leading Party Members' Group and Secretary of the Financial Work Committee of the CPC Central Committee.

1960-1965 Student majoring in geological surveying and prospecting of the No. 1 Department of Geology and Minerals at Beijing Institute of Geology

1965-1968 Postgraduate majoring in geological structure at Beijing Institute of Geology

1968-1978 Technician and political instructor of the Geomechanics Survey Team under Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau and head of its political section

1978-1979 Member of the Standing Committee of the Party Committee of the Geomechanics Survey Team under Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau and deputy head of the team

1979-1981 Deputy section head and engineer of Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau

1981-1982 Deputy director-general of Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau

1982-1983 Director of the Policy and Law Research Office of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and a member of its Leading Party Members' Group

1983-1985 Vice-minister of Geology and Mineral Resources, member and deputy secretary of its Leading Party Members' Group and director of its Political Department

1985-1986 Deputy director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee

1986-1987 Director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee

1987-1992 Alternate member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Work Committee of Departments under the CPC Central Committee

1992-1993 Alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Work Committee of Departments under the CPC Central Committee

1993-1997 Alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

1997-1998 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

1998-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, vice-premier of the State Council, member of its Leading Party Members' Group and Secretary of the Financial Work Committee of the CPC Central Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-premier of the State Council, member of its Leading Party Members' Group and secretary of the Financial Work Committee of the CPC Central Committee

He was a member of the 13th CPC Central Committee, alternate member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, member of the 14th CPC Central Committee, alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, member of the 15th CPC Central Committee, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee. He is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, member and Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau of the 16th CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630974.htm

Jia Qinglin – Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee

Jia Qinglin, male, 62, Han nationality, a native of Botou, Hebei Province, was born in March 1940. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in December 1959 and began working in October1962. He graduated from the specialty of electric motor and appliance design and manufacture of the Department of Electric Power of Hebei Engineering College. With a university education, he holds the title as an engineer. He serves as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee.

1956-1958 Student majoring in the industrial enterprise planning in Shijiazhuang Industrial Management School

1958-1962 Student majoring in electric motor and appliance design and manufacture of the Department of Electric Power of Hebei Engineering College

1962-1969 Technician of the Complete Plant Bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry and deputy secretary of its CYLC organization

1969-1971 Sent to do manual labor in the May 7th Cadre School of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry in Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province

1971-1973 Technician of the Policy Research Office of the General Office of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1973-1978 Chief of the Product Management Bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-building Industry

1978-1983 General Manager of China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation

1983-1985 Director of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant and secretary of its Party Committee

1985-1986 Member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and its deputy secretary

1986-1988 Deputy secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and head of the Organization Department of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee

1988-1990 Deputy secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee, President of the Party School of the CPC provincial committee and secretary of the Work Committee of Departments under the CPC Provincial Committee

1990-1991 Deputy secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee, deputy governor and acting governor of Fujian Province

1991-1993 Deputy secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and governor of Fujian Province

1993-1994 Secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and governor of Fujian Province

1994-1996 Secretary of the CPC Fujian Provincial Committee and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Fujian Provincial People's Congress

1996-1997 Deputy secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee, vice-mayor, acting mayor and mayor of Beijing

1997-1999 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee and mayor of Beijing

1999-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

He was a member of the 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and member of the Political Bureau of the 15th CPC Central Committee. He is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, member and Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau of the 16th CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630972.htm

Zeng Qinghong, male, 62, Han nationality, a native of Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, was born in July 1939. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in April 1960 and began working in July 1963. He graduated from the Automatic Control Department, Beijing Institute of Technology. He is a university graduate and engineer.

He is now member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee.

1958-1963 Student of the Automatic Control Department, Beijing Institute of Technology

1963-1965 Technician of No. 743 Army Unit, the People's Liberation Army (PLA)

1965-1969 Technician of No. 6 Office, No. 2 Department of the Second Academy, the Seventh Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1969-1970 Sent to do manual labor at the Chikan base of the Guangzhou troops and at the Xihu production base in Hunan Province

1970-1973 Technician of No. 2 Department of the Second Academy, the Seventh Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1973-1979 Technician of Production Division and Science and Technology Division, Beijing Office of National Defense Industry

1979-1981 Secretary of the General Office of the State Planning Commission

1981-1982 Deputy Division Director of the General Office of the State Energy Commission

1982-1983 Worked at the Liaison Department of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry

1983-1984 Deputy manager of the Liaison Department of China National Offshore Oil Corporation; deputy director of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry; secretary ofthe Party Committee of the South and Yellow Seas Petroleum Corporation

1984-1986 Deputy head and head of the Organization Department, and member of the Standing Committee of and secretary-general of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the CPC

1986-1989 Deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee

1989-1993 Deputy director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee

1993-1997 Director of the General Office of CPC Central Committee; secretary of the Work Committee for Offices Directly Under the CPC Central Committee

1997-1999 Alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee; member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee; director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee; secretary of the Work Committee for Offices Directly Under the CPC Central Committee

1999-2002 Alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee; member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee; and head of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

He was a member of the 15th CPC Central Committee, an alternate member of its political bureau and member of its Secretariat. He is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, a member of its Political Bureau and of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and a member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630971.htm

Huang Ju, male, 63, Han nationality, a native of Jiashan, Zhejiang Province, was born in September 1938. He, beginning to work in May 1963, joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in March 1966. He graduated from the Department of Electrical Machinery Engineering, Tsinghua University, where he had majored in Electrical Machinery Manufacturing. He is a university graduate and engineer.

He is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee.

1956-1963 Majored in Electrical Machinery Manufacturing, Department of Electrical Machinery Engineering, Tsinghua University

1963-1967 Technician at Power Workshop and Cast Steel Workshop of Shanghai Artificial Board-Making Machinery Plant; and secretary of the plant director

1967-1977 Technician at Power Workshop of Zhonghua Metallurgical Plant in Shanghai; and deputy secretary of the workshop's Party branch

1977-1980 Deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Shanghai Zhonghua Metallurgical Plant and the plant's deputy director and engineer

1980-1982 Deputy manager of Shanghai Petrochemical General Machinery Manufacturers Company

1982-1983 Deputy director of Shanghai First Bureau of Electrical and Machinery Industry

1983-1984 Member of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the CPC and secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Industrial Work Party Committee

1984-1985 Member of the Standing Committee and secretary-general of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the CPC

1985-1986 Deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the CPC

1986-1991 Deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and deputy mayor of Shanghai

1991-1994 Deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and mayor of Shanghai

1994-1995 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee; Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and mayor of Shanghai

1995-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee; Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

He was an alternate member of the 13th CPC Central Committee and member of the 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees. He was elected an additional member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee. He was a member of the Political Bureau of the 15th CPC Central Committee. He is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee and member of its Political Bureau and of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630970.htm

Wu Guanzheng - Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee

Wu Guanzheng, male, 63, Han nationality, a native of Yugan, Jiangxi Province, was born in August 1938. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in March 1962 and began to work in April 1968. He graduated from the specialty of thermal measurement and automatic control of the Power Department of Tsinghua University. He is a postgraduate and engineer.

He is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and secretary of the Shandong Provincial Party Committee.

959-1965 Studied in the specialty of thermal measurement and automatic control, Power Department, Tsinghua University; and secretary of the branch of the Communist Youth League of the university

　　1965-1968 Postgraduate in the specialty of thermal measurement and automatic control, Power Department, Tsinghua University; and deputy secretary of the Party branch

1968-1975 Technician of Gedian Chemical Plant in Wuhan, Hubei Province, deputy chief of the plant's technology section, head of its workshop, member of the plant's Party Committee, and deputy chairman of the plant's revolutionary committee

1975-1982 Deputy director of the Wuhan Municipal Science and Technology Committee, Hubei Province and member of its Leading Party Members' Group, vice-chairman of the Wuhan Municipal of Science and Technology Association and member of its Leading Party Members' Group, deputy chief of the Wuhan Municipal Innovation, Transformation and Potential- Tapping Headquarters and head of the office of the headquarters, chairman of the Wuhan Municipal Center for Engineering Science and Technology and secretary of its Party Committee

1982-1983 Member of the Standing Committee of the Wuhan Municipal Committee of the CPC, Hubei Province

1983-1986 Party Secretary and Mayor of Wuhan, Hubei Province (there was the first secretary then)

1986-1995 Deputy Party secretary, deputy governor, acting governor and governor of Jiangxi Province

1995-1997 Secretary of the Jiangxi Provincial Committee of the CPC

1997-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the CPC, and president of the Party School of the Shandong Provincial Party Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, secretary of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the CPC, and president of the Party School of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the CPC

He was an alternate member of the 12th CPC Central Committee, member of the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and a member of the Political Bureau of the 15th CPC Central Committee. He is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, member and Standing Committee member of its Political Bureau. He is a member of the Standing Committee of and secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection at the 16th National Congress of the CPC.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630969.htm

Li Changchun - Politburo Standing Committee Member of CPC Central Committee

Li Changchun, male, 58, Han nationality, a native of Dalian, Liaoning Province, was born in February 1944. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in September 1965 and began working in September 1966. He graduated from the Specialty of the Industrial Enterprise Automation of the Department of Electric Machinery of Harbin Institute of Technology. With a university education, he holds the title as an engineer.

He is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the CPC.

1961-1966 Student majoring in the Industrial Enterprise Automation of the Department of Electric Machinery of Harbin Institute of Technology

1966-1968 Stayed at Harbin Institute of Technology awaiting job assignments

1968-1975 Technician of Shenyang Switchgear Plant in Liaoning Province

1975-1980 Vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Shenyang Electrical Equipment Company in Liaoning Province, member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Committee of the company, and deputy manager and manager of Shenyang Electrical Control Equipment Company and deputy secretary of the company's CPC Committee

1980-1981 Deputy director of Shenyang Bureau of Mechanical and Electrical Industry and deputy secretary of the bureau's CPC Committee

1981-1982 Deputy secretary-general of the Shenyang Municipal Committee of the CPC in Liaoning Province

1982-1983 Vice mayor of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, and chairman of the Shenyang Municipal Economic Committee

1983-1985 Secretary of the Shenyang Municipal Committee of the CPC in Liaoning Province and mayor of Shenyang

1985-1986 Deputy secretary of the Liaoning Provincial Committee of the CPC and secretary of the Shenyang Municipal Committee of the CPC

1986-1987 Deputy secretary of the Liaoning Provincial Committee of the CPC and vice governor and acting governor of Liaoning Province

1987-1990 Deputy secretary of the Liaoning Provincial Committee of the CPC and governor of Liaoning Province

1990-1991 Deputy secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC and vice governor and acting governor of Henan Province 　　

1991-1992 Deputy secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC and governor of Henan Province

1992-1993 Secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC

1993-1997 Secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Henan Provincial People's Congress (attended the workshop on theory held by the Party School of the CPC Central Committee for cadres at the provincial and ministerial level from October 1993 to November 1993)

1997-1998 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Henan Provincial People's Congress

1998-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the CPC

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the CPC

He was an alternate member of the 12th CPC Central Committee and a member of the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee. He was a member of the Political Bureau of the 15th CPC Central Committee and is a member of the Political Bureau and a member of the Political Bureau's Standing Committee of the 16th CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630968.htm

Luo Gan, male, 66, Han nationality, a native of Jinan, Shandong Province, was born in July 1935. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in June 1960 and began working in May 1962. He graduated from the Machine Casting Specialty of Freiburg Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in the Democratic Republic of Germany. With a university education, he holds the title as a senior engineer.

He is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, state councilor, member of the Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council and secretary of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the CPC Central Committee.

1953-1954 Student at the Pressure Processing Department of Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel Engineering

1954-1955 Student of the German language at Karl Marx University in Leipzig in the Democratic Republic of Germany

1955-1956 Field practice at Leipzig Iron and Steel Plant and Leipzig Metal Casting Plant in the Democratic Republic of Germany

1956-1962 Student majoring in Machine Casting at Freiburg Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in the Democratic Republic of Germany

1962-1969 Project group leader and technician of the Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1969-1970 Sent to do manual work at the May 7th Cadre School Under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1970-1980 Director of the Luohe Preparatory Office of the Mechanical Engineering Academy Under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry and deputy director of the Zhengzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1980-1981 Vice-chairman of the Henan Provincial Import and Export Committee and chairman of the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Committee

1981-1983 Vice-governor of Henan Province and secretary of the CPC Henan Provincial Committee (the committee had a first secretary)

1983-1988 Vice-chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, member of the Secretariat of the federation and deputy secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the federation

1988-1993 Minister of Labor (April-December 1988), secretary-general of the State Council, secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Government Offices of the State Council and secretary of the State Organs Work Committee of the CPC

1993-1997 State councilor, secretary-general of the State Council, secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Government Offices of the State Council, secretary of the State Organs Work Committee of the CPC, and deputy secretary of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the CPC Central Committee

1997-1998 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, state councilor and concurrently secretary-general of the State Council, secretary of the Leading Party Members' Group of the Government Offices of the State Council, secretary of the State Organs Work Committee of the CPC, and deputy secretary of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the CPC Central Committee

1998-2002 Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, state councilor, member of the Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council, and secretary of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the CPC Central Committee

2002- Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, state councilor, member of the Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council, and secretary of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the CPC Central Committee

He was an alternate member of the 12th CPC Central Committee and a member of the 13th, 14th and 15th CPC Central Committees and is a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee. He was a member of the Political Bureau of the 15th CPC Central Committee and a member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee. He is a member of the Political Bureau of the 16th CPC Central Committee and a member of its Standing Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_630967.htm

Cao Gangchuan, male, 66, Han nationality, native of Wugang, Henan Province, was born in December 1935. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1956 and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in July 1954. He graduated from the Military Engineering School of the Artillery Corps of the Soviet Union. He holds the military rank of general.

He is now a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, director and secretary of Party committee of the PLA General Armament Department.

1954 - 1956 Student of Nanjing No. 3 Artillery Ordnance Technical School and No.1 Ordnance Technical School; teacher of the No. 1 Ordnance Technical School in 1956

1956 - 1957 Student of the PLA Dalian Russian-Language School

1957 - 1963 Student of Military Engineering School of the Artillery Corps of the Soviet Union

1963 - 1969 Assistant of Ammunition Division of Ordnance Department of PLA General Logistics Department

1969 - 1975 Assistant of Munitions Division of Military Equipment Department of PLA General Logistics Department

1975 - 1982 Staff officer and deputy director of General Planning Division of Military Equipment Department of PLA Headquarters of the General Staff

1982 - 1989 Deputy director of Military Equipment Department of PLA Headquarters of the General Staff

1989 - 1990 Director of Military Affairs Department of PLA Headquarters of the General Staff

1990 - 1992 Director of the Office of Military Trade of Central Military Commission

1992 - 1996 Deputy chief of the general staff of PLA

1996 - 1998 Minister of Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

1998 - 1998 Director of PLA General Armament Department

1998 - 2002 Member of the CPC Central Military Commission; director and secretary of Party committee of PLA General Armament Department

2002- Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission; director and secretary of Party committee of PLA General Armament Department

He, a member of the 15th CPC Central Committee, is now a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee and member of the Political Bureau of the 16th CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_631107.htm

Guo Boxiong, male, 59, Han nationality, a native of Liquan, Shaanxi Province, was born in July 1942. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in March 1963 and started to work in Aug. 1958. He joined Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) in August 1961 and graduated from the PLA Military Academy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army; with a university education, he holds the military rank as a General. He is now member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission, executive deputy chief of the Headquarters ofthe General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the Headquarters of the General Staff of the PLA.

1958-1961 Worker of the No. 408 Factory of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province

1961-1964 Soldier, deputy squad leader and squad leader of the Eighth Company of the 164th Regiment of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1964-1965 Platoon commander of the Eighth Company of 164th Regiment of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1965-1966 Staff member of the Propaganda Group of the Political Section of the 164th Regiment of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1966-1970 Staff of the Combat Training Group of the Headquarters of the 164th Regiment of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1970-1971 Leader of the Combat Training Group of the Headquarters of the 164th Regiment of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1971-1981 Staff officer, deputy head and head of the Combat Training Section of the Headquarters of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1981-1982 Chief of Staff of the 55th Division of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force (studied at the Military Academy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army from Sept. 1981 to July 1983)

1982-1983 Deputy director of the Combat Department of the Headquarters of the Lanzhou Military Area Command

1983-1985 Chief of Staff of the 19th Army of the PLA Ground Force

1985-1990 Deputy chief of staff of the Lanzhou Military Area Command

1990-1993 Commander of the 47th Group Army of the PLA Ground Force

1993-1997 Deputy Commander of the Beijing Military Area Command

1997-1999 Commander of the Lanzhou Military Area Command

1999-2002 Member of the Central Military Commission, executive deputy general chief of staff of the PLA and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the PLA General Staff

2002- Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Member of the Central Military Commission, executive deputy chief of the Headquarters of the General Staff of the PLA and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the Headquarters ofthe General Staff of the PLA

He was a member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and is now a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee and member of the Political Bureau of the 16th CPC Central Committee.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-11/15/content_631106.htm

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