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Introduction: The Holy Roman (German) Empire

The Empire was characterized by a unique governmental structure, where central authority (the emperor) was fairly weak and real power was exercised by the territorial rulers who in turn ruled either secular or ecclesiastical territories. Unique to the situation in the Empire was that the Empire included a number of larger and smaller territories ruled by a dignitary of the church (archbishop, bishop, abbot, etc.)

The Expansion of Protestantism in the Holy Roman (German) Empire

The Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century was both a theological controversy and the gorvernmental decision to retain the Catholic Church as the official religion or introduce the new Protestant faith. In the Holy Roman Empire, which was largely contiguous with what is generally known as Germany, this determination was made by a large number of individual rulers, in contrast to places like France or England, where the determination of the king settled matters for the entire country.

The several maps show the expansion of this governmental introduction of the Reformation. While this governmental action must not be equated with majority popular support for religious change, some rough conclusions can nonetheless be drawn.

The Rise of Universities

After the initial wave of university foundations in the Middle Ages, there was a new wave of new universities in the fifteenth century, all of them - since theology and philosohpy were the most important subjects taught - established with papal license.

The several maps show intriguing geographic dimension of the proliferation of these institutions of higher learning, particularly in central and northern Europe. The maps show for the sixteenth century establishment of Protestant universties (without papal license) and the additional foundation of Catholic universities during that century. In sequence, these maps demonstrate the significant expansion if higher learning in Europe from the thriteenth to the sixteenth century.

The Expansion of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Founded in 1540 by the Spaniard Ignatius of Loyola, the Society of Jesus quickly proved to be the most dynamic force in the Catholic Church for education and combating the Protestant heresy. This Protestant threat was taken seriousy and the involvement of Jesuits throughout Europe may be taken as an indicator of the regained vitality of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. The maps show the dramatic expansion of the Society throughout Europe between 1540 and the early seventeenth century.

The sequence of maps shows the spread of residences and colleges (schools) operated by Jesuits from its establishment as an order to 1615. The concentration of houses in Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal) is significant; it demonstrates nicely the sources of Catholic renewal. Later maps show the expansion throughout Europe, in particular the concentration of Jesuit establishments in Belgium. This in part explained by the concerns to find a Catholic presence in that country.

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Section Title: The Holy Roman (German) Empire

 


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Caption:The ecclesiastical territories of the Empire

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Caption:The larger Territories of the Empire

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Section Title: The expansion of Protestantism in the holy roman (german) empire

 


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Caption: Formal Introduction of Protestantism to 1530

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Caption: Formal Introduction of Protestantism to 1555

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Caption: Formal Introduction of Protestantism to 1570

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Section Title: The Rise of Universities
 


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Caption: Universities established between 1200 and 1400

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Caption: Universities established between 1400 and 1500

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Caption: Universities established by Protestants in the sixteenth century

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Caption:Universities established by Catholics in the sixteenth century

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Section Title: the expansion of the society of jesus (jesuits)
 


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Caption: Jesuit stations to 1546

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Caption: Jesuit stations to 1580

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Caption: Jesuit stations to 1615

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