CHAPTER I: THE JEWISH DIASPORA IN EASTERN EUROPE
1. The Jewish Settlements on the Shores of the Black Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Kingdom of the Khazars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Jews in the Early Russian Principalities & in the Tataric Khanate of the Crimea . 9 CHAPTER II: THE JEWISH COLONIES IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA 1. The Immigration from Western Europe During the Period of the Crusades. . . . . . 14 2. The Charter of Prince Boleslav and the Canons of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . 16 3. Rise of Polish Jewry Under Casimir The Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4. Polish Jewry during the Reign of Yaghello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5. The Jews of Lithuania during the Reign of Vitovt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6. The Conflict between Royalty and Clergy Under Casimir IV. and His Sons . . . . . 25 CHAPTER III: THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND AT ITS ZENITH (1501-1648) 1. Social and Economic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. The Liberal Regime of Sigismund I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3. Liberalism and Reaction in the Reigns of Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Batory . 36 4. Shlakhta and Royalty in the Reigns of Sigismund III and Vladislav IV . . . . . . 40 CHAPTER IV: THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY AT ITS ZENITH 1. Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2. The Instruction of the Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3. The High-Water Mark of Rabbinic Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4. Secular Sciences, Philosophy, Cabala, and Apologetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CHAPTER V: THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND DURING ITS DECLINE (1648-1772) 1. Economic and National Antagonism in the Ukraina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2. The Pogroms and Massacres of 1648-1649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3. The Russian and Swedish Invasions (1654-1658). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4. The Restoration (1658-1697). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5. Social and Political Dissolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6. A Frenzy of Blood Accusations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7. The Massacre of Uman and the First Partition of Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 CHAPTER VI: THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINE 1. Jewish Self-Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 2. Rabbinical and Mystical Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3. The Sabbatian Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4. The Frankist Sect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5. The Rise of Hasidism and Israel Baal-Shem-Tob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6. The Hasidic Propaganda and the Growth of Tzaddikism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and the Forerunners of Enlightenment. . . . . . . . . . . . 114 CHAPTER VII: THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS (TILL 1772) 1. Anti-Jewish Attitude of Muscovy During the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries . . 117 2. The Jews under Peter I and His Successors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3. Elizabeth Petrovna and the First Years of Catherine II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 CHAPTER VIII: POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PARTITIONS 1. The Jews of Poland after the First Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2. The Period of the Quadrennial Diet (1788-1791) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3. The Last Two Partitions and Berek Yoselovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4. The Duchy of Warsaw and the Reaction under Napoleon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 CHAPTER IX: THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUSSIAN REGIME 1. The Jewish Policy of Catherine II (1772-1796). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 2. Jewish Legislative Schemes during the Reign of Paul I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3. Dyerzhavin's "Opinion" on the Jewish Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 CHAPTER X: THE "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM" OF ALEXANDER I 1. "The Committee for the Amelioration of the Jews.". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 2. The "Jewish Constitution" of 1804. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3. The Projected Expulsion from the Villages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4. The Patriotic Attitude of Russian Jewry during the War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . 171 5. Economic and Agricultural Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 CHAPTER XI: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM" 1. Kahal Autonomy and City Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2. The Hasidic Schism and the Intervention of the Government. . . . . . . . . . . . 179 3. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and Enlightened "Berlinerdom" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 CHAPTER XII: THE LAST YEARS OF ALEXANDER I 1. "The Deputation of the Jewish People". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 2. Christianizing Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 3. "Judaizing" Sects in Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4. Recrudescence of Anti-Jewish Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 5. The Russian Revolutionaries and the Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE-VOLUME II CHAPTER XIII: THE MILITARY DESPOTISM OF NICHOLAS I 1. Military Service as a Means of De-Judaization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2. The Recruiting Ukase of 1827 and Juvenile Conscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 3. Military Martyrdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4. The Policy of Expulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5. The Codification of Jewish Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 6. The Russian Censorship and Conversionist Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 CHAPTER XIV: COMPULSORY ENLIGHTENMENT AND INCREASED OPPRESSION 1. Enlightenment as a Means of Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 2. Uvarov and Lilienthal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 3. The Abolition of Jewish Autonomy and Renewed Persecutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 226 4. Intercession of Western European Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 5. The Economic Plight of Russian Jewry and Agricultural Experiments. . . . . . . . 231 6. The Ritual Murder Trial of Velizh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 7. The Mstislavl Affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 CHAPTER XV: THE JEWS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND 1. Plans of Jewish Emancipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 2. Political Reaction And Literary Anti-Semitism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 3. Assimilationist Tendencies Among the Jews of Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 4. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection Of 1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 CHAPTER XVI: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF MILITARY DESPOTISM 1. The Uncompromising Attitude of Rabbinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 2. The Stagnation of Hasidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 3. The Russian Mendelssohn (Isaac Baer Levinsohn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 4. The Rise of Neo-Hebraic Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 5. The Jews and the Russian People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 CHAPTER XVII: THE LAST YEARS OF NICHOLAS I 1. The "Assortment" of the Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 2. Compulsory Assimilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 3. New Conscription Horrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 4. The Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 CHAPTER XVIII: THE ERA OF REFORMS UNDER ALEXANDER II 1. The Abolition of Juvenile Conscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 2. "Hom"opathic" Emancipation and the Policy of "Fusion". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 3. The Extension of the Right of Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 4. Further Alleviations and Attempts at Russification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 5. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 CHAPTER XIX: THE REACTION UNDER ALEXANDER II 1. Change of Attitude Toward the Jewish Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 2. The Informer Jacob Brafman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 3. The Fight Against Jewish "Separatism". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 4. The Drift Toward Oppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 CHAPTER XX: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II 1. The Russification of the Jewish Intelligenzia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 2. The Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 3. The Jewish Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 4. The Jews and the Revolutionary Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 5. The Neo-Hebraic Renaissance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6. The Harbinger of Jewish Nationalism (Perez Smolenskin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 7. Jewish Literature in the Russian Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 CHAPTER XXI: THE ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III AND THE INAUGURATION OF POGROMS 1. The Triumph of Autocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 2. The Initiation of the Pogrom Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 3. The Pogrom at Kiev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 4. Further Outbreaks in South Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 CHAPTER XXII: THE ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES OF IGNATYEV 1. The Vacillating Attitude of the Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 2. The Pogrom Panic and the Beginning of the Exodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 3. The Gubernatorial Commissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 4. The Spread of Anti-Semitism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 5. The Pogrom at Warsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 CHAPTER XXIII: NEW MEASURES OF OPPRESSION AND PUBLIC PROTESTS 1. The Despair of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 2. The Voice of England and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 3. The Problem of Emigration and the Pogrom at Balta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 4. The Conference of Jewish Notables at St. Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 CHAPTER XXIV: LEGISLATIVE POGROMS 1. The "Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 2. Abandonment of the Pogrom Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 3. Disabilities and Emigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 CHAPTER XXV: INNER UPHEAVALS 1. Disillusionment of the Intelligenzia and the National Revival. . . . . . . . . . 365 2. Pinsker's "Autoemancipation" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 3. Miscarried Religious Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 CHAPTER XXVI: INCREASED JEWISH DISABILITIES 1. The Pahlen Commission and New Schemes of Oppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 2. Jewish Disabilities Outside the Pale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 3. Restrictions in Education and in the Legal Profession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 4. Discrimination in Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 CHAPTER XXVII: RUSSIAN REACTION AND JEWISH EMIGRATION 1. Aftermath of the Pogrom Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 2. The Conclusions of the Pahlen Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 3. The Triumph of Reaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 4. American and Palestinian Emigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 CHAPTER XXVIII: JUDAEOPHOBIA TRIUMPHANT 1. Intensified Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 2. Continued Harassing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 3. The Guildhall Meeting in London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 4. The Protest of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 CHAPTER XXIX: THE EXPULSION FROM MOSCOW 1. Preparing the Blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 2. The Horrors of Expulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 3. Effect of Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 4. Pogrom Interludes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 CHAPTER XXX: BARON HIRSCH'S EMIGRATION SCHEME AND UNRELIEVED SUFFERING 1. Negotiations with the Russian Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 2. The Jewish Colonization Association and Collapse of the Argentinian Scheme . . . 415 3. Continued Humiliations and Death of Alexander III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 CHAPTER XXXI: THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II 1. Continued Policy of Oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 4. The Economic Collapse of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 5. Professional and Educational Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 CHAPTER XXXII: THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 1. The Rise of Political Zionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 2. Spiritual Zionism, or Ahad-Ha'amism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 3. Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 4. The Jewish Socialistic Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 5. The Revival of Jewish Letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 CHAPTER XXXIII: THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 1. Pogroms as a Counter-Revolutionary Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 2. The Organized Kishinev Butchery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 4. Doctor Herzl's Visit to Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 CHAPTER XXXIV: CONTINUED POGROMS AND THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1. The Pogrom at Homel and the Jewish Self-Defence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 2. The Kishinev Massacre at the Bar of Russian Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 3. The Jews in the Russo-Japanese War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 4. The "Political Spring" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 5. The Homel Pogrom before the Russian Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 CHAPTER XXXV: THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 AND THE FIGHT FOR EMANCIPATION 1. The Jews in the Revolutionary Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 2. The Struggle for Equal Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 3. The "Black Hundred" and the "Patriotic" Pogroms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 4. The Jewish Franchise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 CHAPTER XXXVI: THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND THE OCTOBER MASSACRES 1. The Fiendish Designs of the "Black Hundred". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 2. The Russian St. Bartholomew Night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 3. The Undaunted Struggle for Equal Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 4. The Jewish Question before the First Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 5. The Spread of Anarchy and the Second Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 CHAPTER XXXVII: EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL CONSOLIDATION 1. The New Alignments within Russian Jewry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 2. The Triumph of the "Black Hundred" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 3. The Third, or Black, Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 4. New Jewish Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 5. The Spiritual Revival of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 RUSSIAN JEWRY SINCE 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515