movement

ɛn-aɨdʉ́rrà Nom sg: ɛn-áɨ́dʉ̀rrà. Acc pl: ɨn-aɨdʉrrarritín. Nom pl: ɨn-áɨ́dʉrrarritín. [West] Acc pl: ɨ-naáɨ́dùrrà. [West] Nom pl: ɨ-náàìdʉ̀rrà. n. Migration, a shift from one place to another along with one's belongings. Ɛ́tápálá apá ɨlMaasáɨ́ ɛnaɨdʉ́rrà peê édúŋí ɛnkɔ́p ɛnyɛ̂. The Maasais did away with migration after their land was demarcated. The Maasai traditionally shifted from one place to another, depending on the season, searching for green pastures and water for their livestock. Sidaîn ɨnáàìdʉ̀rrà. Migrations are good. (W). kʉndâ naáídʉ̀rrà these migrations (W). See: a-ɨdʉ́rr ‘To migrate’. Syn: ol-orórà ‘Big gathering of people; big migration’.

a-arʉ́ To beat towards the speaker. Ɛarʉ́ ɛnkáyíóní inkíshú tɛ̀ oréyìèt. The boy will beat the cows from the river. Ɛarúno inkíshù tɛ̀ oréyìèt. Cows have been beaten out of the river . Ɛarúnoyú inkíshù tɛ̀ oréyìèt. Cows can be beaten out of the river. Ɛtɔ́rɔ́pá lpáyìàn látíá ɛnyɛ́ aishó ntáré payîê mélíkóò áàjò nɨnyɛ́ ɔ́tarúá nkíshú. The man has bribed his neighbours by giving them goats so that they may not report that he raided/stole[lit: beat toward the pt. of reference] the cows. (SN). See: a-idóŋ ‘To beat’; a-óC ‘To beat’; a-ósh ‘To hit’.

a-ár ɛnkárɛ́ v.prog. 1 • To swim. Áárɨ́tà ɛnkárɛ́. I am swimming. Átááráyìè ɛnkárɛ́ aɨlɛ́p. I swam up out of the water. Maa has no basic term for the concept of 'swim'.

2 • [North] To fish. The Northern Samburu do not fish, but they know other groups who do in nearby Lake Turkana. See: a-ɨsɔmpɨrá ‘To swim’; a-sʉjarɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-pór ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; [North] a-lɔ́p ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’.

ɛ-árúnotó₂ Nom sg: ɛ-arúnotó. Acc pl: ɨ-arunót. Nom pl: ɨ-árùnòt. n. Beating/pushing towards the point of reference. Tápàlà doí ɛnâ áárúnotó inó náâ ɛnâ áló aké ílótú. Stop your pushing towards me that you keep on coming this way. (Pk). This sentnce implies that the speaker is really annoyed. See: a-ár ‘Fight, beat’.

a-arʉnyɛ́ v.dir v.mid. 1 • To move with force towards the point of reference, against an apparent obstacle. In W, this verb cannot be used for remaining in a position towards a side, even if that requires force. Rather, movement is necessary. Ɛtaarʉ́nyɛ̀. He kept to this side. Ɛ́táárʉ́nyɛ̀. It forced itself to come this way. (W). Ɛ́mintókì dúóó áàrʉ̀nyɛ̀ ɛnâ áló. (You pl.) Stop keeping to this side! (Pk). Ágɨ́rà aarʉnyɛ́. I am keeping to this side. Áshɔ́mɔ̀ amɨ́r incereretí tɛ̀ mparét nɛ́ɨ́rrág aké áàrʉ̀nyɛ̀. I went to chase the monkeys from the farm and they just kept forcing themselves (back) this way. (W).

2 • To protrude, distend; especially a sick part of the body (such as the stomach, an abnormal head, etc.). Ɛtaarʉ́nyɛ̀ ɛnkɛ́ráí namúéí ɛnkɔ́shɔ́kɛ̀. The sick child has her stomach protruding. (Pk). Emuoítà Pápaáɨ́. Ɛgɨ́rà áàrʉ̀nyɛ̀ intíkân toó lgósò. My father is sick. The lymph nodes are protruding from his neck. (W). See: a-rʉ́ ‘To crowd to the side’; a-poŋú ‘To swell (of the stomach)’; a-jeyú ‘To swell’. Ant: a-ararí ‘To keep to that side’.

a-baɨkɨ́ [North]: a-bakɨ́. In some suffixed forms: baɨkɨn. v.dir. 1 • To reach, come to. Négiróo aké, nɛ́baɨkɨ ɛnkáŋ ɔ́ loibónì. When he had passed them, he came to a magician's home. Kɛ́báɨ́kɨ́ ɔlpolosíé láŋ ínê Our boundary reaches there. Áábáɨ́kɨ̀. I will reach you./I will visit you.

2 • To visit. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛntásât abaɨkɨ́ entíto ɛnyɛ́. The woman has gone to visit her daughter.

3 • To endure (for), last (until). Ɛbáɨ́kɨ̀ nɛ́yà ɛná síááì ɛ́sáâ nabô ɔ aashʉ̂ aré. This work will last one hour or maybe two. Ɛtabáíkia taá táatá ɔlpurishóí oitiŋí Today the thief has reached the ultimate end. [i.e. he is dead].

4 • To suffice, be sufficient, be enough; fit. Káabaɨkɨ́ ɛná dáâ. This food is sufficient for me. Káabaɨkɨ́ nánʉ́ ɛná kɨ́lâ. This cloth (piece of clothing) fits me. See: a-ɨdɨ́p ‘To be sufficient’; a-imú ‘To be sufficient’.

5 • Epistemic modal: perhaps be possible, maybe able to happen. Ɛbáɨ́kɨ̀ nɨ́nyɔr, nímiret. Perhaps you love him, but you don't help him. Mɛbáɨ́kɨ̀ nɨ́nyɔr nímiret. It cannot happen that you love him, but you don't help him.

a-batát v.prog. 1 • To trip s.o., make sth. fall down. Tádùàà ɨ́lɔ̂ sóít mɨ́kɨ́bàtàt. Take care so that that stone does not make you fall. Káábátáɨ́tà. I am making you fall. Káabatát ɛmbáísíkìl. The bike will make me fall. Káabatat. I will make you fall. See: a-sʉ́l ‘To lop off’; a-ɨrriaayá ‘To make s.o. fall down’.

2 • To rape. Kɛ́batát olwushuwushí iselenkên. The transgressor rapes young girls.

a-batatá v.mid. 1 • To fall down. Ágɨ́rà abatatá. I am falling down. (Pk). Ábátáta. I am going to fall down. Míntókì aló abatatá ɛ́shâl ɛnkɔ̂p Don't go and fall down when the ground is wet. Átábátátɛ̀ ŋolé. I fell down yesterday (e.g. from a tree). Átábátátɛ̀ tɛ̀ mbáísíkìl. I fell down on (i.e. while riding) the bicycle. Usage: This is not used for fruit falling from a tree, or for a tree falling over.. See: a-ɨtɛrrɛ́ ‘To fall’; a-urorí ‘To fall down’; a-irraayá ‘To drop’.

2 • To stumble.

3 • To loose control.

4 • To leave one's faith, beliefs. Átábátátɛ̀. I backslid/lost my faith (perhaps a long time ago).

2 • To stumble.

3 • To loose control.

4 • To leave one's faith, beliefs. Átábátátɛ̀. I backslid/lost my faith (perhaps a long time ago).

a-báʉ́ [West]: a-bɔ́ʉ́, a-báʉ́. [Chamus]: báó. In some suffixed forms: baʉn. v. To arrive at the reference point (typically towards the speaker). Ɛtabáwua ɔlɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́ní. The bull has arrived. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkárɛ̀ abáʉ́ ɛnɛ̂. The water is reaching here. (Pk). Kɛ́tabáutúà They have arrived. (S). Ɛtabáutúa dúóó nóòshì pálâ nɨ́kɨ̀ànyɨ̀tà. The papers that we have been waiting for/expecting have arrived. (SN). Ɛtabáutûâ dúóó inoshî pálâ níkìànyɨ̀tà. The papers that we have been waiting for have arrived. (Pk). Áataanyúá nɛ́ɨ́tʉ̀ abáʉ́. [àbáʊ́ with two moras in final syllable] He waited for me, and I never arrived. (W). Ɛbɔ́ʉ́ ~ Ɛbáʉ́ ɛdaá. He(i) will arrive while he(i) is eating. (W). LING: a-baʉ́ and a-bayá cannot take the progressive aspect suffix -ɨta. This is presumably because the verb contains a directional suffix (which precludes co-occurance with the progressive); and not because the verb is inherently stative (which also precludes the progressive). Ant: a-ló ‘To go’. See: a-bayá ‘To arrive there’. LING: Allows passive but not middle.

a-bayá [Chamus]: báó. v. To arrive at a place away from the reference point (typically away from the speaker; reach (a place). Ɛgɨ́rà abayá kundên. He is arriving to those places. (Pk). LING: See note at a-baʉ́(n).

a-ɨtabayá 1 • To make sth. reach. Áɨ́tábáya ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀. I will drive the cow to Nairobi. Á́ɨ́tábáyìè ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀. I drove the cow to Nairobi (I reached with it to Nairobi). Tɛ́rɛ̀wà ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ oóntabáí Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀. Drive the cow until you reach Nairobi.

2 • To accomplish; fulfill. See: a-baɨkɨ́ ‘To reach’; a-báʉ́ ‘To arrive here’; a-bá ‘To be as much as’.

a-bɔɨ́n v.prog. 1 • To change direction of sth. Ɛ́tɔ́nyúáá ɔlárɛ́wání abɔɨ́n ɛngárì. The driver has worked hard to change the direction of the car. (Pk). Ábɔ́ɨ́nɨ́tà ɛngárrì. I am turning the car. Tɔ́bɔɨnʉ́ ɛndâ kɨ́tɛ́ŋ wúâs ɔ́ ɛ́ndâ nárɔk peê éúdí. Bring that cow with the patch on the side/belly together with that black one to be vaccinated.

2 • To change meaning of sth.

a-bɔɨná v.mid. To change direction. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛngárì abɔɨná tɛ̀ mbatá eúlulû. The car changed direction near the canyon. Tɔ́bɔɨnáɨ́ Take it away from me by redirecting it elsewhere. (Pk).

a-bɔɨnʉ́ To direct something "hither", towards the point of reference. Tɔ́bɔɨnʉ́ ɛndâ súpèn Meshɔ́mɔ̀ intarɛ́. Direct that ewe to go with the sheep. (Pk). See: a-mɛrrɛgɛ́l ‘To change direction’.

a-buaayá v. Motion away form of the verb a-búák 'shout'; to shout out; make noise while moving away. See: a-búák ‘To shout’.

a-búl v.prog. 1 • To pierce so that sth. comes out; burst. Ébúl. He will pierce it. Kábúl ɛnê náilubúlùb tɛ̀ nkaɨná. I want to pierce this blister on my hand. (Pk). Ábúlìtò olgúsà lɛnyɛ́. I am piercing his/her blister. (Pk). abúl ɛnkɔŋʉ́ to poke somebody's eye.

2 • To tear out, remove. Kébul ɔlábáání ɔldʉtʉtái A doctor will tear out a boil. (Pk). Eitubúlù. He will cause him to remove it (e.g. via an operation).

áà-bùlù ɛn-kɛ́ráí To deliver a child by Caesarean section. See: em-búlótó ‘Piercing’.

a-cá [North] v. 1 • [North] To dance, sing. See: a-rány ‘To dance, sing’; a-igurán ‘To dance, play’.

2 • [North] To rain. Kɛ́ca. It will rain. See: a-shá ‘To rain’.

cɔ́mɔ̀ [North] v.imp. [North] North Maa variant of shɔ́mɔ̀, second singular Imperative of a-ló 'go'; go away! See: shɔ́mɔ̀ ‘Go!’; a-ló ‘To go’.

a-dál₂ v.prog. 1 • To intentionally pass a little bit aside from the main course. adál enkóítói To deviate from the path.

2 • To intentionally deviate from the main point or from the truth in a discussion. adál ɛsɨ́pátá To intentionally deviate from the truth. Syn: a-paásh ‘To deviate from’.

a-dál₃ v.prog. To swing hand(s) or leg(s). Ɛ́dál ɔlákúɛ́tání ɨnkáɨ́k tenékùɛ̀t. The athlete will swing his hands when he runs. Ɛ́dalɨ́tà ɔltʉ́ŋání ɨnkáɨ́k ɔ́ nkɛjɛ́k tiátùà ɛnkárɛ́ A person is swinging hands and legs in water. See: a-yúk ‘To swing’.

a-dám₁ v. To turn sth. Ɛgɨ́raɨ áàdàm inkíshú méínyìààri ɛnkáló naiŋúáà. The cows are being turned so they return to the direction they came from. (Pk).

a-damá v.mid. To change direction; turn. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛngári adamá. The car is turning. (Pk). See: a-oʉ́k ‘To turn’.

a-diaayá v.dir. To curse on leaving, drive off by curses.

a-dɨ́r v. To go upward with gradual or continuous progress; climb; mount. adɨ́r oldóínyó To climb up a mountain. Syn: a-kéd ‘To climb’.

a-dɨrakɨ́ To climb for.

a-doikí In some suffixed forms: a-doikín. v. 1 • To dive into; drop into or onto. You can combine this with a-otikí. Ɛtadóíkio oltóô eŋúmótó; máítayú The pail has dropped into the well; let us get it out. Tádoikí eŋúmótó Drop into the well!

2 • To alight on. LING: The simple root form *dó(k) does not occur; some suffix must be added to form a complex stem.

áà-dòìkìnò v.mid.pl. To fall into (fighting, etc); fall onto; drop on to each other. LING: middle/reflexive verb form. LING: This can be combined with a-otikí.

a-dokú v. 1 • To overflow. Etuŋúáyiokí kʉlɛ́ naáyiará mɛtádokú. The milk that is boiling has been left to spill over. (Pk).

2 • To climb up over (e.g. a fence) towards the point of reference.

3 • To come over a boundary, as a person from another tribe or Maa-speaking section. Órè apá peê eponú ɨLaikipíák áàdòku, nɛ́mùt ɨlMáásâɨ̂. When the Laikipiak came over, they finished the Maasai.

4 • To visit a home at night.

5 • [North] To be hysterical. This may describe the shaking of a warrior who is about to attack, but is blocked. See: a-dookí ‘To visit at night’; a-rúá ‘To be hysterical’.

a-dookí In some suffixed forms: a-dookín. v. 1 • To climb over to. Káadookí. He will climb over it (e.g. a mountain) to me.

2 • To jump over into. Edoókì olówùàrù inkíshú tɛ̀ bɔ́ɔ̀. The beast will jump over (the fence) into the kraal to (get) the cows. Edoókì ɨ́sááî aré. He will jump over into it for two hours. Áaitadoókì bɔɔ́. He will drop me into the kraal (e.g. as in an elephant throwing me over the fence into the kraal). LING: This verb takes the endpoint as the object. The item to be jumped over is implicit and does not appear in the sentence. This is demonstrated by edoókì ɔlpááshíé 'He will jump over and land in the fence' (not '*He will jump over the fence.' ) To overtly indicate the item jumped over, the Instrumental applicative is added: Edookínyìè ɔlpááshíé. 'He will jump over the fence into it [= sth. else].'. See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’.

2 • To move over to another village or place where one will no longer be visable.

3 • To move to another home at night. Ɛshɔmɔ̂ áàdòòkì ɛndâ áŋ áànyà inkírí. They have gone at night to that home to eat meat. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɔláyíóní adookí ɔlɨkâɨ̂ tɛ̀ nkâŋ ɛ́nyɛ̀. The boy has gone to visit the other ones in their home. (Pk). This has the connotation of someone "jumping over the fence", though one need not actually jump over any fence in order to visit. LING: When motion toward the point of reference is intended, the otherwise-same sense is indicated by the ventive form a-dokú. Again, the simple root form *a-dó(k) does not occur. LING: Cannot take Antipassive suffix: *adookisho.

a-dooyó v. 1 • To climb over; move to the other side of sth. where the one who moved is no longer visable.

2 • To overflow.

3 • To visit a village at night. LING: With adooyó, you don't have to say where one has moved to. With a-dooki, you do have to say where.

a-itadooyó To throw over.

a-dót v. 1 • To weed (a field); remove weeds. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn adót ɛnkʉrmá adotú endíátí. The man is cleaning the field of weeds. LING: The surface cleaned must be the primary object of the simple verb. See a-dotú below. See: a-sɨ́p ‘To thoroughly clean’.

2 • To strip off the outer skin layer. adót osésèn To strip off (the outer skin layer from) a body.

3 • To pull apart. adót ɔlkɛ́mpɛ̀ To pull apart a hoe (i.e. separate the stick from the metal).

4 • To exchange an original idea, belief, or plan for a radically different one. Édót entúmò, moókire áâ NEGST. He will change the meeting; it will no longer be in NEGST.

5 • (of a defendant) To successfully argue in favor of one's self, such that the complainant's case, which was originally presumed to be correct, is dismissed or rejected as wrong. Usage: law. Ɛ́tádótó ɔlmʉrraní ɨmbáà naátejokí tɛ̀ ntúmô 1)The warrior has successfully argued in favor of himself whatever has been said about him in the meeting. 2)The warrior has changed whatever has been said in the meeting. Etym: From Proto-Eastern-Nilotic, from Central Sudanic *-ɗɔ 'to weed' (C. Ehret 2003:149, "Language Contacts in Nilo-Saharan Prehistory." Language Contacts in Prehistory, Studies in Stratigraphy, ed. by Henning Andersen, 135-157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.).

a-dotó v.mid. To be stripped off of the outer skin layer; have the skin off. Ɛtadótè ɛnkɛ́ráí ɛnkaɨná The (outer layer of) skin of the child's hand has come off.

a-dotú v.dir. To take out, uproot, pull out, remove (e.g. a pot from the fire). Edotú. He will take it out / pull it out. Edotúnì It will be pulled out. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn adotú endíátì tɛ̀ nkʉ́rma. The man is uprooting the weeds from the field. LING: With dot, the directional suffix -ʉ(n) acts as an Applicative, requiring the primary object to be the item uprooted or removed.

a-dóú v. To descend towards the point of reference; come down.

a-doyíó v. 1 • To go down; drop down, descend. Edóyìò ɛnkɔ́lɔ̀ŋ ɛ́naakɛ́. The sun goes down (sets) everyday. May include going from a high land to a low land (e.g. toward Mombasa from Nairobi).

2 • To go south (e.g. to Tanzania from Kenya).

3 • [North] To go east, toward the sunrise. See notes at a-ɨlɛ́p, 'to ascend.'.

4 • To decrease in intensity. Ɛgɨ́rà adoyíó ɛnyɔratá. Love is decreasing.

5 • To become worse. Ɛgɨ́rà olkúáâk adoyíó. His behavior is becoming worse. Kótodóyìè ɛlɛ́ tʉ́ŋání. The man has descended. (S) The man (e.g. his health) has gotten worse. (S). LING: This can be combined with a-otikí.

a-itadoyíó 1 • To drop sth.

2 • [North] To rest. See: a-bóri ‘To be at or move to a lower level’; a-ɨlɛ́p ‘To go up, west’.

a-dʉmaá v. 1 • To pick up and carry away; take.

2 • [North] To push. See: a-dʉ́m ‘To steal and drink milk’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To pick up’; a-rrúm ‘To push’.

a-dʉmʉ́₂ In some suffixed forms: a-dʉmʉ́n. v. To jump up and down in a dance. Ɛdʉmʉ́ ɛlɛ̂ mʉrraní This warrior can jump high (higher than normal height). Kɛ́ɨ́dɨ̀m ɛlɛ̂ áyíóní atʉdʉ́mʉ̀ ɛ́sáâ nabô This boy can jump up and down for one hour. Áaitudumúá osinkólìò. The song has made me jump. [This is completely homophonous with Kɛ́ɨ́dɨ̀m ɛlɛ́ áyíóní atʉdʉ́mʉ̀ ɛ́sáâ nabô. 'This boy can pick up one watch.']. Usage: See synonym list at a-ipíd 'To jump'. See: a-ɨ́d ‘To jump’; a-itíám ‘To jump’; a-ɨpɨrɨ́ ‘To jump’. LING: This verb has the frozen Ventive -ʉ(n), and so cannot take the Progressive which is otherwise a marker of an active verb.

a-dʉmʉnyɛ́ v.mid. 1 • To set off on a journey. Kɨ́dʉmʉ́nyɛ̀ tɛldɛ́ ápâ áàpùò America We will travel next month to go to America.

2 • To get up, wake up; arise. Ádʉ́mʉ́nyɛ̀ tɛ̀ ɛmpɔ́lɔs ɛ́nkɛwarié aló bɔɔ́. I (habitually) wake up in the middle of the night to go out. Nɛ́dʉmʉ́nyɛ̀ ɨntásatí árè ɛ́ ɨ́nà áŋ. Two old ladies of that home get up. See: a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To pick up’.

a-dúŋ síádí v. To go to the opposite direction, leaving those with whom one is supposed to walk do things. See: a-iŋuáá ‘To leave’.

a-dʉpakɨ́ v. 1 • To mount.

2 • [North] To follow. See: a-sʉ́j ‘To follow’; a-rʉbarɛ́ ‘To walk with’.

-étuo v.pf.pl. Irregular perfect(ive) plural of a-lotú 'to come'. Kíetûô. We came. Íétùò. You (pl) came. Eétùò. They came. Néyiolouní áàjò eétùò ɛnadúóó áŋ. It was known that they came to that home. See: -euo ‘Came’; a-éù ‘come’; a-lotú ‘To come (sg)’; a-puonú ‘To come (pl)’.

-éu [North]: a-yíéw. [North]: iwon. [Chamus]: íwʉ̀. PF.PL: e-étuo. SUBJN, PF: óu. In some suffixed forms: -eun. v.pf. To have come. Subjunctive or perfect(ive) suppletive form of the verb a-lotú 'come'. Káɨ́dɨ̀m ayíéw táísèrè. I will be able to come tomorrow. (S). Ágɨ́rà abikokí meéu amʉ̂ maló naá ɛ́ɨ́tʉ̂ adúààrɛ̀. I am waiting for him to come because I cannot go without seeing him. Shɔ́mɔ̀ tɔ́rɔ̀jɔ̀ sútúó linó meéù bɔɔ́. Go and signal your friend to come out. (SN). Laɨŋɔ́nɨ̀ ɔ́rɔ́k óeúó nkáŋ. It is the black bull that came home. (SN). Áaeúó ɛldɛ̂ páyìàn aisilén iropiyíán áinéí. That man has come to borrow money from me. (Pk). Eéùò olákúyìà tɛ̀ mísimísi ŋolé. The old man came in the darkness (i.e. at night) yesterday. (W). Nɛ́dɛk ajokí:Tɔ́rrɔ́bɔnɨ́, kéyíé óeúo adúŋ ɛnkɛɛnɛ́ ɛ́nkáí? Táa aɨsɨ́nanɨ ánaa apá aké peyíê ɨrá. He cursed him by saying: "Hunter, is it you who came to cut the strap of God? Become poor like you've always been![óewúo] Máɨ́dɨ̀m aéù. I can not come. Mɨ́ndɨ́m aéù. You can not come. Mɛ́ɨ́dɨ̀m aéù. He can not come. Óu enêǃ [wóu] Come hereǃ (W). LING: Phonetically this sometimes has an epenthetic /w/, as in [eyéwùò] 'it came'.

áa-etú To come (pl.). Mɛ́ɨ́dìm áaetú They can not come. See: e-étùò ‘They came’; a-lotú ‘To come’.

-euo Variant: -ewuo; -yewûô. v.pf. To have come. Suppletive past-perfect(ive) aspect form of a-lotú 'to come'. Áèùò. I came. Íèùò. You (sg) came. Eéùò He/she came. Ḱetûô. We came. Íètù. You (pl) came. Eétùò. They came. Kéyéwùò dúóó aké nɨ́nyɛ̀ ɛlɛ̂ páyìàn. This man just came. Nɛ́dɛk ajokí: Tɔ́rrɔ́bɔnɨ́, kéyíé óewúo adúŋ ɛnkɛɛnɛ́ ɛ́nkáí? Táa aɨsɨ́nanɨ ánaa apá aké peyíê ɨrá. He cursed him by saying: "Hunter, is it you who came to cut the strap of God? Become poor like you've always been! Eyéwùò dúóó oltúkútùk ónàpɨ̀tà ɔlpayíán obô. A motor-cycle that was carrying one man came. (Pk). See: a-ló ‘To go’.

a-giroó₁ v.prog. To pass by, go beyond sth. Négiróò He passed (by something). LING: The form *a-gɨ́r does not occur in K.

a-gɨrʉ́ To pass towards the point of reference. See: a-kɨ́r(r) ‘To pass through’.

a-gírr v. To drag sth. on the ground without lifting it up, against some kind of resistance. Ágɨ́rà agirroó ololá. I am dragging the luggage.

a-girró v.mid. To keep on dragging one's self, without primarily using the legs or arms; scoot. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí kɨ́tɨ̀ agirró. The child is dragging herself. Ɛ́nyɔ́rr ɛnkɛráí kɨ́tɨ̀ atogírroyu tɛ̀ nkɔ̂p. A small child will like to drag on the ground.

a-girrorrí v.dir v.mid. To move or drag one's body away without moving the limbs, with the body in a sitting or prone position. This can also be done while asleep without waking up.

a-girrunyé v.dir v.mid. To move or drag one's body towards the point of reference.

a-ɨbakɨbák 3.PF: ɛ-ɨbaábaa. v.prog. 1 • To move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course; deviating from a straight course. Káɨ́bákɨ́bákɨ́tà aló Nairobi. I am wandering all over the place on my way to Nairobi. Áɨ́báábaa apaásh ɛnkɨ́má. I wandered to avoid the fire.

2 • To be verbally evasive, beat about the bush, not hit the nail on the head; speak in a manner marked by obliqueness or indirection. Téjò eníyíéú míntókì aɨbakɨbák. Say what you want don't be evasive. See: a-ɨbɔtɨbɔ́t ‘To evade’.

a-ibél v. 1 • To roll sth. onto another side. aibél osóít To roll the stone. See: a-ibelibél ‘To rock from side to side’; a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ‘To turn over’.

2 • To change direction of sth. aibél inkíshú To change the direction the cows are taking.

a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny v. 1 • To turn sth. over; turn around. a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny emotí To stir sth. in a pot (while cooking).

2 • To alter, change sth. a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ɨnkɨlánì To change dressing. a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ilkigerót To alter writings.

a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny inkíshú To cross-breed cows.

a-ɨbɛlɛkɛnyá v.mid. 1 • To turn self over while sleeping.

2 • To alter self. Ɛɨbɛlɛ́kɛnya Kenya eríkore olárì lɛ̂ 2002. Kenya has changed its leadership in the year 2002.

3 • To turn around, reverse path of travel.

4 • To go back on one's word.

5 • To reverse behavior; repent. ɨlɔɔ́ɨ́bɛlɛkɛnyátɛ̀ áàìŋùà ɨntɔrrɔ̂k those who have changed to leave evil (C). See: ɔl-áɨ́bɛ́lɛ́kɛ́nyànì ‘Interpreter; changer’; a-manaá ‘To turn’; a-iwuatiwúát ‘To change’.

a-ibelibél v. To rock from side to side. Ɛgɨ́rà aibelibél ɛmɨ́sà ashɨ́l. S/he is turning the table side to side to scrutinize it. See: a-ibél ‘To roll’.

a-ɨbɛlɨbɛlɛkɛnyá v.mid. 1 • To keep on changing. Ɛɨbɛlɨbɛlɛ́kɛ́nyá ɨlɔmɔ́n lɛ́nà kɔ́p. The news in this land keeps on changing.

2 • To roll over and continue rolling in one direction. The rolling is not 'back and forth'.

a-ɨbɔtɨbɔ́t [North] v. 1 • [North] To not go straight to the destination; evade.

2 • [North] To verbally evade or "beat about the bush" See: a-ɨbakɨbák ‘To beat about the bush’.

a-ɨ́d v.prog. 1 • To jump up and move horizontally and land on the other side of something; jump over sth., spring over sth. Ɛɨdɨ́tà enkínè ɔlpááshíé. The goat is jumping over the fence. Ɛ́ɨ̀d ɛnkáyíóní ɔlpááshíé ɨ́sááî uní. The boy will jump over the fence for three hours. LING: This necessarily means the jumping will happen multiple times. Ɛ́ɨ̀d ɛnkáyíóní ɔlpááshíé tɔɔ́ ɨ́sááî únì. i) The boy will jump over the fence for three hours (multiple times). ii) The boy will jump over the fence three hours hence. Ɛ́ɨ̀d ɛnkáyíóní ɨ́sááî uní. The boy will jump over three clocks/watches. (*The boy will jump for three hours/*The boy will jump three hours hence.). Ɛɨdákɨ̀ ɔlpááshíé. The fence has been jumped over. Ɛ́ɨ́dɨshɔ ɛná áyíóní. This boy can jump over things. Áàìdìè ɔlpááshíé. He will make me jump over the fence. Áaidíé ɔlpááshíé. He made me jump over the fence. Éípìd ɛtargéetî aɨ́d ɛncaní. The grasshopper will jump over the twig. See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’.

2 • To skip a stage. Ɛ́ɨ́dá ɛnkáyíóní inkilasiní uní. The boy has skipped Standard 3. (i.e. He went directly from Standard 2 to Standard 4 in school.).

3 • To be ahead of; overtake; supersede s.o. in terms of sth. Ɛ́ɨ́dá ɛnkáyíóní inkulíe tɛ̀ súkuúl. The boy has overtaken the rest of the boys in school.

4 • To mentally blank out or wander for a time; forget some items in a sequence of items. Ɨ́ŋgɨlá lɛ́lɔ̂ ɔmɔ́n amʉ̂ áaɨdâ. (i) Repeat those words because I missed them (e.g. I was not paying attention while you were talking). (ii) Repeat those words because I skipped them (e.g. I forgot to say them during my speech, but you know what they are and so can say them for me). (lit: Repeat those words because they jumped over me.).

a-ɨdakɨ́(n) 1 • To jump onto or into; spring at sth. Átɔ́dúáà náají oltʉ́làl ɔɨdáka ɛnkají. I have seen a baboon that jumped onto the house. Ɛɨ́dakɨ ɛnkáyíóní ɛnkárɛ́. The boy will jump into the water. Áaɨdakinyíé ɔlpáyìàn ɛnkayíónì ɛnkárɛ́. The man has made the boy jump the water for my sake.

2 • To get on the back of; copulate with, as of animals. Ɛɨdáka ɔlɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́ ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ. The bull has gotten on the back of the cow.

a-ɨdáp v. To make plodding movements (possibly in one position) with the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet.

a-ɨdapɨdáp 1 • To flatten sth. by repeated hitting or beating.

2 • To remove the fat layer of meat from the sides and ribs of a cow (such that just the ribs are left).

3 • To defeat someone in verbal argument or debate.

4 • To go to many different place and not directly to one's destination. See: ɛn-dâp ‘Palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’.

a-ɨdapɨdáp 1 • To flatten sth. by repeated hitting or beating.

2 • To remove the fat layer of meat from the sides and ribs of a cow (such that just the ribs are left).

3 • To defeat someone in verbal argument or debate.

4 • To go to many different place and not directly to one's destination. See: ɛn-dâp ‘Palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’.

a-ɨdɛkɛtarí v. To slide; move obliquely or sideways, usually in an uncontrolled manner. Ɛɨdɛkɛtárì ɛŋgárrî tɛ̀ nkɔ̂p náshàl. A vehicle slides on a wet surface. See: a-ɨshɨrtɨ́t ‘To slide’.

a-ɨdɛlarí v. To lay oneself down with hands and legs spread out; or, flop oneself back (e.g. in a chair) with hands and legs out. This can be due to exhaustion, sleep or sickness. órè amʉ̂ ánáʉ́rà olêŋ, káyieu náɨ́dɛlárì tɛ̀ ndapásh. Because I am too tired, I want to lie flat on the bed. Usage: a-ɨdɛlarí implies exhaustion, extreme sleepyness, or sickness. a-ɨdalaány (or a-ɨdalaanyarí) focuses specifically on the position of the legs and could not be done in a chair; a-ɨbalaanyarí is quite general and need not imply exhaustion, but could not be done in a chair. All these are subtypes of a-ɨrrág.. See: a-ɨdalaány ‘To spread out, as of legs’; a-ɨbalaanyaá ‘To gradually light up; increase’.

a-ɨdɨɨdá [North] In some suffixed forms: a-ɨdɨɨdán. v. [North] To jump up and down (not necessarily over sth). See: a-ŋoró ‘To jump’; a-ipíd ‘To jump’; a-ɨ́d ‘To jump over’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To jump (as in a dance)’; a-itíám ‘To jump, hop’; a-ɨpɨrɨ́ ‘To jump’.

a-ɨdɨɨdaná To be restless, moving from place to place; pace. Míntókì aɨdɨɨdaná tɛmbatá ɛ́ nkɨma amʉ̂ ékinyia. Don't be restless near the fire because you can be burnt. ɔltʉŋánì ɔɨdɨɨdánà person who is restless.

a-idík v. 1 • To join. Éídìk. He will join them.

2 • To lengthen. aidík ɛnkɛɛnɛ́ peê ɛbaɨkɨ́ atɛɛ́nà ɔlɔɨŋɔ́nɨ̀ To lengthen the strap so that it could tie the ox. aidík ɨlɔmɔ́n To lengthen news.

a-idikidík To keep on joining together.

a-idikokí To join up with. aidikokí olgosôî ɔlɨkâɨ̂ To join the rope with the other one.

a-idikidikoré v.mid. To follow up with; get involved in or with. Tè níndikidíkoré ɛná síáàì, nááyá ɛlʉ́kʉ́nyá. If you keep on involving yourself in this issue, I will kill you. (lit: If you keep on joining yourself with this issue, I will take-you the head.).

a-ɨdɨrɨdɨrʉ́ v. To carry a heavy load towards the speaker. LING: There is no form *a-ɨdɨrɨdɨ́r.

a-ɨdɨrɨdɨraá To carry a heavy load away.

a-ɨdɨrɨdɨrakɨ́ To carry a heavy load to.

a-ɨdʉ́rr v. 1 • To migrate, move house. (K)áídʉ́rrà. I have moved my house. (S). Shɔ́mɔ̀ tátàlà ínê peê tenélèŋ níkipuonú áàdùrrìè inkíshú. Go and survey there, if you find it green enough with pasture then we can take the cows. Képuo ɨltʉŋaná ɔ́ɨdʉ́rr áàɨ̀rràgàrìè inkíshú ɛnyɛ̂ inkáŋítìè. The migrants will sleep away at other people's homes with their cows. (Pk).

2 • To mentally move from one thought to another; mentally wander. Órè aké téípà nɛ́ɨ́dʉ̀rr ɨnkɛ́rà è sukúùl ɨndámùnòt. In the afternoon/evening, school children's minds wander (migrate). Ɛ́ɨ́dʉ́rrâ ɨndámùnòt ɔ́ lɛ̀ Tara. Ole-Tara's thoughts have wandered. Áaɨdʉrrâ ɨndámùnòt. My thoughts have wandered. LING: (External Possession construction).

a-idurríé To move house, cattle (transitive). See: a-iwúót ‘To migrate’.

a-igís v.prog. To jump up with legs off the ground at the same time and quickly back onto the same surface (as in men dancing), or to another lower surface. Restrict: human. Káígísítò. I am jumping. Éígísô ŋolé ɨlmʉ́rrân tɛ̀ bɔ́ɔ̀. Yesterday warriors jumped inside the kraal. Áagisíé osinkólio. The song has made me jump (to its rythm). Áígísóko atûâ ɛnkárɛ́. I jumped into the water. See: a-ŋoró ‘To jump’; a-ipíd ‘To jump’; a-ɨ́d ‘To jump over’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To jump (as in a dance)’; a-itíám ‘To jump’; a-ɨpɨrɨ́ ‘To jump’.

a-igunyagúny v. To start moving (of a child). Eitérua ɛnkɛráí aigunyagúny. The child has started to move.

a-igunyagunyíé To harass playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule); provoke with persistent annoyances; frustrate.

a-igusigusíé Variant: a-igus!ugús!ie. v. To shake sth. See: a-ipirripírr ‘To shake’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋún ‘To shake’; a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’; a-iseiseiye ‘To shake’; a-inyenyé ‘To shake’; a-ɨkíj ‘To shake’.

a-ɨgʉsʉgʉ́s v itr. To move back and forth in an unstable manner; shake. Káɨ́gʉsʉ́gʉ̀s. I'm shaking. (S).

a-igusugusíé To shake sth. See: a-ɨgʉ́s ‘To shake’.

a-ɨgʉ́t v.prog. To change one's position by a short displacement (e.g. from one chair to another); move a bit from one point to another. (K)áɨ́gʉ́tɨ́tà. I am moving a short amount.

a-igutunyé To bring sth. closer.

a-igutíé To move sth. further away.

a-ɨgʉyʉgʉyarí v. To move slowly. See: l-ɔɨgʉyʉgʉyárì ‘Tortoise’.

a-ɨjɨpaá Variant: a-ɨjʉpaá. v.prog. To follow, move after. Káɨ́jɨ́pɨ́tà. I am following. (S). "Kéísúpàt aná ájì": "anâ" náɨ́jɨ̀pɨ̀tà "kéísúpàt". (In the sentence) "Kéísúpàt aná ájì", "(The word) "anâ" comes after "kéísúpàt". (SN). See: a-sʉ́j ‘To follow’; a-irukurukoré ‘To follow’; a-tubaké ‘To follow’.

a-ijórr v.prog. To jump; hop. Éíjórró ɔltʉ́ŋání aiŋataá ɔlásʉ́ráí. The person has jumped away from the snake.

a-ijorrokí To jump to. Syn: a-itíám ‘To jump; hop’.

a-ijuló v. To move back and forth.

a-ɨjʉlʉjʉ́l v. To turn sth. upside down from its normal position, either vertically or sloping.

a-ɨjʉlʉjʉlá v.mid. 1 • To be overturned. Órè adé peê ɛɨjʉlʉ́jʉla ɛnkɔ́lɔ̀ŋ náalotu adɔ́l. When the sun goes to the west, I will come to see you (i.e. in the evening). (lit: When the sun is upside-down, I will come to see you.). Ɛɨjʉlʉjʉ́lɛ̀ emótì néíbukórì ɛndáâ nátií. The pot turned upside down and the food in it poured out. LING: The Perfective Middle has an inceptive sense.

2 • To change from previous situation. Ɛɨjʉlʉjʉ́làtɛ̀ ɨlɔmɔ́n moókire áâ ɨlaŋolé The news have changed they are no longer the ones of yesterday.

a-ɨkadɨkád v. To walk slowly and carefully; walk ostentatiously. This is done by raising up one leg at a time and waiting for a few seconds before steping on the ground. This manner of walking is done by a bride, a boastful person, or a person walking in water. See: a-ɨpɛɛjarí ‘To walk ostentatiously’; a-ló ‘To go’.

a-ɨkɨ́j [Chamus] v. [Chamus] To shake. See: a-ipirripír ‘To shake’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n ‘To shake’; a-igusugusíé ‘To shake’; a-iseyiseyíé ‘To shake’; a-inyenyíé ‘To shake’; a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’.

a-ɨkɨrɨkɨrá v. To shake, shiver; tremble. Nɛ́ɨ́kɨrɨ́kɨ́rá ɛnkɔ̂p olêŋ o mɛtáà kéjó enkájì áúrórì. The earth shook very much until the house is about to fall. A human can do this either from sickness or by a warrior to look impressive before women or enemies.

a-ikirnyanyá v. To pull against an opposing force; resist; struggle. aikirnyanyá aány entorrónì to struggle to refuse evil. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔltásât aikirnyanyá akéd oldóínyó. The old man is struggling to climb up the hill/mountain. See: ɛn-kírnyanyî ‘Tendon’.

a-ikorrikorroó v.away. To roll away. Ágɨ́rà aikorrikorroó osóít amʉ̂ máɨ́dɨ̀m atanápà. I am rolling away the stone because I can not carry it.

a-ikorrikorrú To roll towards the point of reference. Syn: a-ibeleleŋoó ‘To roll away’.

a-ikúm v. 1 • To ram into sth. Tápààshàrè ɨ́nâ kɨ́tɛ́ŋ oó leleoní míkìnkùm. Avoid that circularly-spotted cow so it doesn't ram you.

2 • [North] To incite, goad, provoke s.o. to do sth. together.

3 • [North] To judge, decide between people.

a-ikumoó To incite s.o. to do sth. (on their own). See: a-óC ‘To hit’; a-náŋ ‘To hit’; a-ɨpɔ́ny ‘To hit’; a-ilúg ‘To hit’.

a-ikurtumorí v. To limp; walk impeded by some physical injury or limitation. Káíkúrtúmórì aló áŋ hóo dúóó nɛ́máɨ́dɨ́mari olêŋ. I will limp to home although I am not able to walk properly.

a-ɨkʉrtʉ́t v. 1 • To scrape; cut the surface of; wear away the surface of. Átábátátɛ̀ náɨkʉrtʉ́t ɛnkɔ̂p ɛnkáɨ́ná. I fell down and the earth scraped my hand.

2 • To drag. Ɛgɨ́rà osíkírìà aɨkʉrtʉtaá inkɨkʉ́. The donkey is dragging tree branches for fencing. (Pk). See: a-kúrt ‘To stir, scoop’.

a-ɨkʉrtʉtaá To drag or pull sth. hard across a surface.

a-ɨkʉrtʉtá v.mid. To be scraped.

a-ɨkʉrtʉtarí To creep, crawl.

a-ikurtutíé To drag with. See: a-yíét ‘To pull’.

a-ɨkʉrtʉtarí v. To crawl, creep.

a-ikururumorí v. To roll down. Eikururumórì ɛnkɨ́tɛ̀ŋ tɔ̀ ldoinyó The cow has rolled away from the hill (i.e the cow fell down and then rolled down the hill). See: a-ikururumoó ‘To roll away’.

a-ɨlány v. To flee; run away from, with the implication that s.o. else is in chase. Nɛ́ŋàs ɛnkáŋ aɨlanyaá. The home took off (went running away) first. Nékùɛ̀t aké ɛnkájì, nɛ́ɨ́lanyáa. The house just ran and outdistanced him. Áailanyáyìè ɛngárrî. The car outdistanced me. See usage note at a-kúɛ́t. See: a-ɨŋát ‘To run away from’; a-ɨsɨ́k ‘To escape from’.

a-ɨlɛ́p v.prog. 1 • To climb, ascend, rise. Ɛ́ɨ́lɛ̀p. He will ascend. Ɛɨlɛpɨ́tà. He is going up. Ɛɨlɛ́pɨ́tà. He is going up.

2 • To advance, move to a level of higher rank within a system. Éírúkó ɔláɨ́tɛ́ŋɛ́nání peê ɛɨlɛ́p ɛnkɛráí. The teacher has permitted the child to go to the next class. (Pk).

3 • To turn in a horizontal direction which is metaphorically conceptualized as "up" Órè aké peê ɨbáɨ́kɨ̀ ɛndâ jɔ́ɔ́làtà nɨ́lɛ̀p. When you reach that turning point, go up. (Pk). In K this could be used for going to Ethiopia from Kenya.

4 • To become more popular, influential (e.g. become an influential eloquent orator). Ɛɨlɛpɨ́tà ɔlpáyìàn. The man is becoming a big man. (i.e. becoming more important, not necessarily more wealthy).

a-ɨlɛpʉ́ 1 • To move up, rise. Eilépua ewúásô. The river has risen. Eilépua ɛnkɔ́lɔ̀ŋ. The sun has come up. Eitérua awaŋú amʉ̂ eilépua ɛnkɔ́lɔ̀ŋ. It is getting light because the sun has risen. (Pk). Kɛ́ɨ́lɛpʉlɛ́pʉ̀. It will come up over and over.

2 • Increase, grow, get larger. Ɨ́ntɛ̀r taá aké adɔ́l nɛ́ɨ́lɛ̀pʉ̀ ɛndâp ɛ́ nkáɨ́ná. You begin to see the palm of the hand (observably) increase (in size). LING: Though the Ventive is possible with this root, the "away" directional is not: *a-ɨlɛpaá.

a-ilepíé 1 • To hoist, lift.

2 • To exalt.

a-ilepúnyè To lift. Ant: a-dóú ‘To descend’. See: a-rrapʉ́ ‘To lift’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To lift’; a-doyíó ‘To go down, east’.

a-ɨlɛpɨlɛ́p v.prog. 1 • To talk a lot, make noise, shout. This need not be a long-term property.

2 • To go up little by little. See: RELIABILITY.

a-ilíáŋ v.prog. 1 • To dangle; hang freely. Kéílíáŋà inkíyiaá ánàà inóldìà. The ears are dangling like those of a dog.

2 • To criss-cross; move along a trajectory or pattern of crossing lines.

a-iliaŋilíáŋ 1 • To keep on dangling.

2 • To keep on criss-crossing.

a-ɨlɔpɨlɔ́p v.prog. 1 • To repeatedly dip self into a liquid. Kɛ́nyɔ́rr ɔlmákàʉ̀ aɨlɔpɨ́lɔpa ɛnkɑ́rɛ́. The hippo likes dipping into water repeatedly.

2 • To drink a liquid repeatedly. Usage: colloquial. Áɨ́lɔ́pɨ́lɔ́pɨ́tà ɛnkárɛ́. (i) I repeatedly dip myself into the water. (ii) I drink the water repeatedly.

3 • To make irrevelant and irresponsible interjections in a discussion; make remarks that interrupt. aɨlɔpɨlɔ́p ɨlɔmɔ́n To make remarks that interrupt (in a discussion).

a-ilopilopíé To dip sth. into a liquid repeatedly.

a-ilubulúb v. To blister, swell. Némòrròójù, néílùbùlúbù, nɛ́danya aɨɔtɨɔtá, nétiu ánàà ɨlpɛpɛ́dɔ̀. It becomes rough, it swells, it bursts and it becomes like scabies. Kábúl ɛnê náilubúlùb tɛ̀ nkaɨná. I want to pierce this blister on my hand. (Pk). See: a-tɛ́j ‘To swell’.

a-ɨlʉ́d v.prog. 1 • To sway, move one's body. Ɛ́́ɨ́lʉ̀d. He will sway. Ɛ́́ɨ́lʉ́dɨ́tà. She is swaying. (W). Áílúdìè ɛnkɛ́ráɨ́. I am swaying the child.

2 • [North] To be tall.

3 • [North] To be late. Kɛ́ɨ́lʉ̀d. He is tall/late. (S). This could be said of leaving for Nairobi at 4 p.m., which would be late in the day.

a-ɨ́m [West]: a-yɨ́m. v.prog. 1 • To pass through and proceed on, traverse; pass by; penetrate. Áyɨ́mɨ́tà ɛntɨ̂m. I am going through the forest. (W). Káɨ́mɨ́tà nkóítéí náló Karen. I am passing/walking through (along) the path going to Karen. (SN). Órè apá peê éúní ɨlmʉ́rràn nɛ́yɨmâ osínkírá. During the warriors' graduation ceremony, they all passed through the small hut. (Pk). Étóóshó ɛnkáíyóní empírà aimíé oldíríshà. The boy kicked a ball through the window. Ɛ́ɨ́má ɛngárrî ɔlbarɨbárà. The car has passed on the road. Nélò ɔltɔmɛ́, órè aké peê élô, néjò áɨ́ŋʉ́ráa nɛ́lau ɛnɛɨmá. And the elephant went, when it went it tried to look but it missed where it (the hare) passed. Átódúàà ɛnkárɛ́ sápʉ̀k nayɨmá ɛwúásò ŋirô. I have seen a lot of water running in the brown river. (Pk). A: Ɛntɛ́kɛ̀ ɨ́ɨ̀m? B: Áló aɨ́m ɛntɛ́kɛ̀ aɨrɔrɔkɨ́ ɨnkɛ́rà áinêî. A: Are you going by plane? b: I am going by plane to greet my children.

2 • To pass an examination. Kɛ́ɨ̀m Kent ɛntɛ́mátá. Kent can pass the exam.

3 • [North] To follow. ɛshɔmɔ́ áàɨ̀m rrékíé. They have gone to follow the path. (SN).

a-imíé To drive through, force through. Káímìè nkíshú mukarétè. I will drive the cattle through the cattle dip. (i.e. to wash them) (S). Táwùàrà taá enconí peê itúm eníímíè empítò. Slash out the skin so that you get a place to pass string through.

a-ɨmʉ́ In some suffixed forms: a-ɨmʉ́n. To pass through. Káɨ́mʉ́tà. I'm passing through. (S). Káaɨmʉnɨ́. I will be passed. (People will walk towards me and then continue on.) (SN). Káaɨmuakɨ́. I have been passed by (e.g. by people walking on by). (SN). Q: Ají ɨ́ɨ́mɨ́tà? A: Kááɨ́mɨ́tà atúá táòn ɛ Marlál. Q: Where are you passing through? A: I am passing through Maralal town. (SN) (This conversational exchange would make sense if two people are talking by phone, so that one cannot see the other.). Kááɨ́mʉ. I will pass by you. (SN). Íimúákɨ̀. Pick me up (tomorrow.)/ Pass by me, come see me (S). Kááɨ́mʉ̀. I will pass by, call on you. (with or without picking you up to go somewhere together) (SN).

a-ɨmá In some suffixed forms: a-ɨmár. To pass by going away. Káaɨmarɨ́. I will be passed. (People will walk away from me.) (SN).

a-imís v. To disappear from sight. enkijíko naimisó tɛ̀ nkárɛ̀ the spoon that disappeared in the water.

a-imisíé 1 • To make sth. disappear from sight; cover, hide. Áaimisíé ɨnkʉjɨ́t. Grass covered me (i.e I can not be seen). aimisíé tɛ̀ nkɨ́lâ To hide it with the cloth.

2 • To prevent sth. from being discovered. aimisíé ɛmbáɛ̀ peê méyíólóúnì To hide an issue so that it will not be known.

a-ɨnapɨnáp v. 1 • To walk quickly. Usage: insulting.

2 • To breathe fast and in a non-normal fashion due to fever. See: a-siooyó ‘To walk quickly’; a-ɨsarrɨsárr ‘To walk quickly’; a-isurokí ‘To walk quickly’.

a-ɨnɛpʉ́ In some suffixed forms: a-ɨnɛpʉ́n. v.s. 1 • To catch up with s.o. or sth. which is ahead (e.g., on the road, in work). Ɛɨnɛ́pʉ̀. He will catch up with him. Áɨ́nɛ́pʉ̀. I will catch up with him/her. Áínépua. I have caught up with him/her. Nɛ́ɨ́nɛ̀pʉ̀ ɔltásât, néjò áɨ́rɔ́rɔ́kɨ́, nɛ́ɨ́ŋatáà. He caught up with an old man, and tried to greet him, but he ran away.

2 • To meet or find s.o. or sth. Áɨ́ŋásìè peê aɨnɛ́pʉ̀ tɛ̀ súkùùl. I was surprised to find him at school. Áɨ́nɛ́pʉ̀ tɛ̀ súkùùl. I'll find (meet) him/her at school. Áɨ́nɔ́sɨ́tà ɛndáà asiokí amʉ̂ álótítò aɨnɛpʉ́ ɛngárrì. I am eating food quickly because I'm going to catch (meet) the bus/car. (W). LING: The simple form *a-ɨnɛ́p does not occur synchronically. A directional suffix must occur. In Central Maa, the Toward and Away directionals preclude use of the progressive aspect suffix -ɨ́tà. Thus, a-ɨnɛpʉ́ and a-ɨnɛpaá formally pattern as stative verb stems. In North Maa, the progressive is acceptable: Káɨ́nɛpʉ́tà. 'I'm catching up.' (S -K, -Pk).

a-ɨnɛpaá To catch up with s.o. or sth. while going away; a-ɨnɛpaá and a-ɨnɛpʉ́ are basically synonymous. See: a-inót ‘To find’.

a-inopú v. To come last. See: siadí ‘Last’.

a-ɨnyaaká v. To return sth. to its original container or dwelling. Káɨ́naakínò. I'm going back (e.g. into my house, after stepping outside to talk to you). (S).

a-inyenyé [North] v. 1 • [North] To slowly become thinner and thinner.

2 • [North] To become worse and worse.

3 • [Chamus] To shake. See: a-ipirripírr ‘To shake’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n ‘To shake’; a-igusigusíé ‘To shake’; a-iseiseiye ‘To shake’; a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’; a-ɨkíj ‘To shake’.

a-inyiaarí v.mid. To go towards, move to. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàdàm inkíshú méínyìààrì ɛnkáló naiŋúáà. The cows are being turned so they go towards the direction they came from. (Pk). See: a-ló ‘To go to’.

a-ɨnyiarɨ́ v.mid. To return. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàdàm inkíshú mɛ́ɨ́nyìàrɨ̀ ɛnkáló naiŋúáà. The cows are being turned so they return to the direction they came from. (Pk). See: a-ɨnyaaká ‘To return something to its container’.

a-inyó(t) Variant: a-inyíó. IMP.SG: ínyôô. IMP.PL: ényeitó. v. 1 • To rise, get up. Ényeitó! Rise up! Néjokín ɛntásàt, ""ínyôô sií íyie shɔ́mɔ̀." The told a woman, "Get up and go.".

2 • To wake up. Áínyò. I have woken up. (S, KS). Ínyô! Wake up! (KS). Keinoótò He will wake up. (e.g. he is still in bed)(S). See: a-inyototó ‘To wake up’.

a-inyototó [Purko]: a-inyiototó. PF; SUBJN: a-inyó, -nyo. v. To wake up, get up, arise. Kéínyotótò He will wake up. (e.g. he is still in bed)(S). Ekáínyótótò adé. I will wake up later. Nɛ́manáà taá tɔ̀ lcánì omɛtába ánàà néínyotótò oladúóó mʉrraní. So he went around the tree until the warrior woke up. Áínyò. I'll get up. (W). Áínyò. I have woken up. Ínyò Wake up!/Stand up! Ényeitó! Rise up! Néjokiní ɛntásàt, "ínyô siî íyie shɔ́mɔ̀." The woman was told, "Get up and go.". Kéínyotótò He will wake up. (e.g. he is still in bed)(S). Órè naá táatá ɛlɛ̂ payîân néínyotótò nɛ́ɨ́tɔbɨ̂r ɛnkapʉtɨ́. Now this man planned to arrange marriage negotiations [for his daughter]. (Pk). See: a-inyeyíé ‘To awaken someone’.

a-ɨŋadɛdɛ́ v. To not be in a stable sitting or standing position. This can be positioned part-way between a sitting and standing position while trying to get up, standing on tip toes, or perched precariously on a chair. Kágɨ́rà aɨŋadɛdɛ́ matɔnɨ́tà aɨtɔbɨrakɨ́ amʉ̂ kétíi ɔlbɛnɛ́ olórìkà I am not stably sitting down because there is a bag on the chair. ɛɨŋádedia He was part-way between a sitting and standing position. LING: Verb cannot take Inceptive or Progressive. Can take Perfective. See: a-jʉjʉmá ‘To squat’.

a-ɨŋashɨŋásh 1 • To keep on doubting.

2 • To walk with legs apart.

a-ɨŋɨ́n v. To limp.

a-iŋirít v.prog. 1 • To drag, pull sth.

2 • To scrape sth. by pulling a rough object on its surface. aiŋirtít ɛnkɨlâ tɔɔ́ lkɨ́kʉ̀ To scrape /scratch the cloth with thorns.

a-iŋirtitoó To pull away.

a-ɨŋɔɨŋɔ́ɨ́ v.prog. To move slowly in a twisting motion; wiggle. Restrict: Animate. This is a slow and twisted motion, such as made by a worm. It can also refer to any slight movement made by a big animal, when it is a sleep or almost dying. See: ɔl-aiŋóiŋóì ‘Type of worm’.

a-ɨŋɔpʉ́ v. To lag behind. Syn: a-isiadʉ́ ‘To remain’.

a-ɨŋún v.s. To make a short, jerky motion.

a-iŋuníé To make sth. move in a short jerky motion.

a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n v. To shake because of instability; rock; wiggle. For example, a post, a tooth about to fall out, an insect -- but not of a person. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlcánì aɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n. The tree is shaking.

a-iŋunuŋuníé To shake, jerk, rock sth. See: a-ipirripírr ‘To shake’; a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’; a-igusugús ‘To shake’; a-iseiseiyíé ‘To shake’; a-inyenyíé ‘To shake’; a-ɨkíj ‘To shake’.

a-ɨpaayá [North]: a-ɨpaayá. v. To send s.o. away to do or bring sth. Ɨ́rá ŋáí íyìè peê kímpááya? Who are you to send me (to get it)? [rude] (W). Áípááyìè ɛnkɛ́ráí ɛndâ áŋ. I have sent a child to that home. Ɨ́mpaáí. Send her/him. Áaipaakakɨ́ ɔlɔmɔ́nɨ̀. A visitor has been sent to me. Manyɔ́r ɛnkɨ́páárotó. I don't like being sent. Ɨ́mpááká? Did you send her/him to him/her?

a-ɨpakʉ́ To send s.o to. See: a-rɛ́ʉ́ ‘To send’; a-ɨrrɨwaá ‘To send’.

a-ɨpák v. 1 • To perform (any) dance. ɔlapá sínkólio lɛ́ nkɨ́páátá, kɨ́mpàkìè apá kɨ́râ ɨlayíòk. the old song for the dancing ceremony, we use it to dance when we were boys.

2 • To dance before a raid.

3 • [North] To go from one place to another; patrol.

a-ɨpakíé To make dance.

a-ɨpáŋ v. 1 • To exit. Níyoókì aɨpaŋíé entíto inó. Very early you will exit with your girl. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât aiwuaŋíé ɔltîm peê ɛɨpáŋ intárɛ̀. The woman is removing the (last of) the gate branches so that the goats/sheep may go. (Pk).

2 • To reach final extent or termination point. Ɨ́ncɨmɨshɨmákɨ̀ aɨtɛrʉ́ ɔlkɨdɔŋɔ́ɨ̀ ɔmɛshɔ́mɔ̀ aɨpáŋ tɛ̀ lʉkʉnyá. Pierce me starting from the tail up to the end of the head. (KS).

a-ɨpaŋakɨ́ To appear to.

a-ɨpaŋʉ́ To come out; appear from. See: a-ipúŋ ‘To exit’; shɔmɔ ‘gone’.

a-ɨpaŋɨpáŋ v. 1 • To pant.

2 • To go out repeatedly.

a-ɨpásh [North] v. [North] To churn. See: a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To churn’.

a-ipashá [North] v. v. [North] To wander off due to mental problems. This could be said of people or animals.

2 • v. [North] To not give up a fight that has been broken off; hold a grudge.

a-ɨpɛrrɨpɛ́r₁ v.prog. 1 • To roll sth. on a horizontal surface. Áɨ́pɛ́rɨ́pɛ́rɨ̀tà. I am rolling it on top of a surface.

2 • To make sth lie on a horizontal surface. aɨpɛrrɨpɛ́r ɛnkɛ́ráí tɛ̀ ndapásh To make the child lie on the bed.

3 • To take care of animals around the homestead. aɨpɛrrɨpɛ́rr ɨntaré tɛ̀ aúlùò To take care of the sheep around in (the vicinity of) the homestead. (Pk).

4 • To beat. Usage: Metaphorical. Nɛ́ɨ́pɛrɨpɛrrɨ́ ɛnkayíónì naɨmalɨ́màlà. A boy that has erred was beaten.

a-ɨpɛrɨpɛrá 1 • To lie down.

2 • To roll around.

a-iperiperíé To use it to roll sth. on the ground.

a-ipíd v.prog. 1 • To jump up and quickly land back onto a supporting surface. Éípìd. He will jump. Éɨ́pìd ɛntárgéetî tɔɔ́ nkʉjɨ́t A grasshopper keeps on jumping in the grass. Éípídó ɔlmʉrraní arisioré encani The warrior has jumped to the height of a tree. Áípídítò. I am jumping. Átódúàà ɔyɛ́kɛ̀ny oipidítò tɔɔ́ lkeék. I have seen a baboon jumping from tree to tree. Ímpidó. Jump! (W). Usage: In K, a-ipíd is the hypernym for at least a-ɨ́d, a-itiám, a-dʉmʉ́, a-igís, and a-láŋ.. See: a-ɨ́d ‘To jump over’; a-itíám ‘To hop, jump to different spot’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To jump, as in dance’; a-igís ‘To jump, as in dance’; a-láŋ ‘To step or jump over’; a-dookí ‘To jump into’; a-ŋoró ‘[North] To jump’; a-ɨtɨ́r ‘[North] To jump a long distance’; [North] a-ɨpɨrɨ́ ‘To jump, as in dance’; [North] a-cʉtʉnyɛ́ ‘To jump’; [North] a-ɨdɨɨdá ‘To jump’.

2 • To change one's mind after an agreement. Ímpidó mɨ́nyɔrráà aké aás ɨ́nâ. You need to change your mind, don't agree to do that.

a-ipidokí To jump for, to, on. Eipídoki olówùàrù ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ. The beast will jump on a cow. Áaipidókì. He is jumping on me.

a-ipidipíd To jump repeatedly.

a-ɨpɨrɨ́ [North] v. [North] To jump; jump during dancing. See: a-igís ‘To jump, as in dancing’; a-ipíd ‘To jump’; a-ɨ́d ‘To jump’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To jump’; a-itíám ‘To jump’.

a-ipiripír v. To shake off (e.g. dust from a cloth). See: a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’.

a-ipiripirú v.dir. To empty (e.g. a flour sack of its contents).

a-ipirrár v. To run around aimlessly, like a child or calf. Kɛ́ɨ́pɨrrarrɨ́tà láshàʉ̀. The calves are jumping around. (SN). See: a-ipirdán ‘To run around aimlessly’.

a-ipirrí v. run.

1 • To run fast; gallop. Áípírrì. I am running. (W). Ímpírrì. You are running. (W). Kímpìrrì. We are running. (W). Ímpírrírrì. Y'all are running. (W). Eipírrì. They are running. (W). Áípírrio ŋolé. I ran yesterday. (W). Ímpírrio ŋolé. You ran yesterday. (W). Eipírrio ŋolé. He ran yesterday. (W). Eipírrieitô ŋolé. They ran yesterday. (W). Ímpírríó tɔ́tɔ́nàǃ Because you have run sit down! (K) Run and sit! (W). Ímpirríó ɨ́yaʉ́ ɛnkárɛ́! [ḿpìríó] Go and get water quickly! Eipírríó osíkírìà aló áŋ. The donkey galloped home. Ɛátà ɨná kɛráí ɛlʉ́kʉnyá amʉ̂ eipírríó sokónì néshukúnyè èìtù èlò aɨmalɨmál. That child is responsible because she ran to the market and returned without going to goof off. (W). Áípírrì tɛ́nakatá. I am running right now. (W). Áípírríó aɨlány ɛncán. I ran away from rain.

2 • To fly. Eipírríó emótonyî. The bird flew away.

3 • To flinch; be unable to bear the pain of the knife during circumcision. Ɛ́yíɛ́ŋ ɨlaɨbarták ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ tè néípìrrì oláyíóní. The newly circumcised men will slaughter a cow when the boy cannot bear the pain of being circumcised.

4 • [North] To jump up and down (as in dancing). See: a-kúɛ́t ‘To run away’; a-ɨŋát ‘To run away’; a-ɨsɨ́k ‘To escape’; a-ló tì aí ‘To fly’; a-itiamá ‘To fly’.

a-ipirripírr v.prog. 1 • To shake an item so as to remove sth from it (dirt, liquid, etc.), shake off; empty by shaking. aipirripír ɨnkɨlání aaraá entérít To shake off the dust from the cloth. Kéípiripíro. He shook himself. (e.g. an animal shaking itself dry) (S).

2 • To change for the better. Kéípiripírè. He was bad, but became good. (S). This could be said of a thin/healthy contrast, as well as a moral one. See: a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n ‘To shake’; a-igusugusíé ‘To shake’; a-iseiseyíé ‘To shake’.

a-ɨpɔ́sh [North]: ɨpásh. v.prog. 1 • To churn, shake (esp. milk). Ɛ́ɨ́pɔ̀sh. He will churn. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât aɨpɔ́sh kʉlɛ́. The old woman is churning the milk. (Pk). Ɛ́ɨpɔshɨ́tà ɛntásât kʉlɛ́. The old lady is shaking milk. This is done to milk four or five days old, after it has curdled. Káɨ́páshɨ́tà kʉlɛ́. I'm shaking milk. (S).

2 • To move sth. from one place to another. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât aɨpɔ́sh ɛnkɛ́ráí kɨtɨ́. (i) The woman is shaking the little child. (Pk) (ii) The woman is taking the little child from one place to another. (K). Ɛshɔmɔ́ dúóó ɔlmórúô aɨpɔ́sh ɔlɨkâɨ̂. The old man has taken the other one around moving from place to place. (Pk). For a human patient, the idea in K, Pk is that the patient is moved from one place to another without rest. In S, a-ɨpɔ́sh can to be done only to milk, either churning or homogenizing it. This may be done when the milk has sat for a long time, such that it blocks the opening of the gourd. After shaking, it pours more easily. Etym: Proto-Lotuko-Maa *-(ɪ)pɔt- 'churn' (v.) (Vossen 1982ː346).

a-ɨpɔshá 1 • To heave like a lake. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkárɛ̀ aɨpɔshá tɨ̀ átùà ɛnaɨpɔ́shà. The water is heaving in the lake. (Pk).

2 • To move from place to place; restless. aɨpɔshá ɑɨŋɔrʉ́ ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ naɨmɨná To go from place to place looking for a lost sheep.

a-ɨpɔshɨpɔ́sh To churn repeatedly. See: ɛ-naɨpɔ́shà ‘Lake’; a-ipiripír ‘To shake off’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n ‘To shake’; a-igusugús ‘To shake’; a-iseiseiyíé ‘To shake’; a-inyenyé ‘To shake’; a-ɨkíj ‘To shake’.

a-ɨpɔshá 1 • To heave like a lake. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkárɛ̀ aɨpɔshá tɨ̀ átùà ɛnaɨpɔ́shà. The water is heaving in the lake. (Pk).

2 • To move from place to place; restless. aɨpɔshá ɑɨŋɔrʉ́ ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ naɨmɨná To go from place to place looking for a lost sheep.

a-ipúk v. 1 • To flee. Éípùk. He will flee. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàìpùk áàɨ̀ŋàtàà é mperî. The people are fleeing from the famine. (Pk).

2 • To hurry. Míkíntóki aipukíé amʉ̂ ɛ́tɔ́n aátà esíáàì. Stop hurrying because I still have work to do. (Pk).

a-ipukokí To flee to.

a-ipukíé To put to flight, cause to flee. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàìpùkìè inkíshú mɛ́nyà ilowuarák. The people are putting the cows to flight so that the lions will not eat them. (Pk).

a-ipúŋ Variant: a-ɨpáŋ. v. To go out, go out from, exit. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aipúŋ aló bɔɔ́. The child is going out (from the house) to the outside. (Pk). Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aipúŋ tɛ̀ idîâ ájì. The man is going out from that house. (Pk). aipúŋ aló To get out (lit: to exit to go).

a-ipuŋokí, a-ipaŋakɨ́ To appear to.

áà-ìrìàmàrì v.pl. To go off together. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɔlpáyìàn ɔ́ nkitók ɛnyɛ́ shoó áàìrìàmàrì. The man and his wife have gone to herd together. (Pk). Kórè tɛ̀ nétolikíó nɨnyɛ́ ajó elóítò sokónì ánáátá eiriamarî. If he had told her that he was going to the market, she would/could have gone with him. (W).

a-ɨrɨʉ́ v. To send. Kórè tɛ̀ nékítólíkíó ajó ílóítò sokónì ánáátá áɨ́rɨ́wáyìè ɨyakákɨ̀ osabúnì. If you told me that you are going to the market, I could have sent you to bring me soap. (W).

a-ɨrɨwaá To send.

a-ɨrɔ́ny v.prog. 1 • To squeeze, press against sth. Káaɨrɔnyɨtâ. It's pressing me. (S). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aɨrɔ́ny ɛnkɨlâ naɨsʉjɨ́tà. The child is squeezing the cloth she is washing. (Pk). This could be said if one leans on sth. that puts pressure on the person, such as a chair; or by crowding up against s.o. one is sharing a bed with.

2 • To force s.o. to do sth. that they would probably not do on their own.

3 • To have an abortion.

a-ɨrʉjʉrʉ́j v. 1 • To drizzle. Kɛ́shal ɛnkɔ̂p amʉ̂ kɛ́gɨ́rà táatá aɨrʉjʉrʉ́j. The ground is wet today because it is drizzling.

2 • To be lots of small creatures moving around on a dead animal, eating it. Usage: worms. Kɛ́ɨ́rʉjʉrʉjâ lkurú nkɨ́tɛ́ŋ natúâ ŋolé. The worms were eating the cow that died yesterday. (S). See: a-shá ‘To rain’; a-ɨtɨpɨtɨ́p ‘To drizzle’; í-rúújî ‘Sessions of drizzling’.

a-irukurukoré [[ayɾūkuɾūkoɾḗ macrons = stress] v. 1 • To follow after s.o. who is moving. Usage: a-ɨjɨpaá indicates the subject follows along the same path behind s.o., while a-irukurukoré indicates travelling together.. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlashé airukurokoré ŋɔtɔnyɛ́. The calf is following the mother (cow). (Pk).

2 • [North] To move together with someone. Nónokúà nkíshú náírukurukórè ntaré. There are the cows moving together with the goats. (SN). Nɛ́idía nkɨ́tɛ́ŋ náírukurukórè nkíné. There is the cow moving together with the goat. (SN). See: a-sʉ́j ‘To follow’; a-tubake ‘To follow’; a-ujipaá ‘To follow after’.

a-ɨrraarrí v. 1 • To fall physically to the ground.

2 • To emotionally be overcomed by problems. See: a-batát ‘To fell’.

a-irraayá v. To drop several things at once (maize, firewood, etc.). See: a-ɨrriaayá ‘To make s.t fall down’; a-itíák ‘To drop’; a-batát ‘To make s.o. fall down’.

a-ɨrrabalá v. To lie flat, with stomach down. Ɛgɨ́rà oldîâ aɨrrabalá aiguraníé inkiyiotín ɛnyɛ́nà. The dog is lying flat while playing with its puppies. (Pk). airrabalakinó ɛnkɔ́p to lie flat (with stomach) on the ground. See: a-irrág ‘To lie down’.

a-ɨrrabalakinó To lie down flat on a surface. aɨrrabalakinó ɛndápásh To lie down flat on the bed.

a-ɨrrág₁ v. 1 • To lie down. Máɨ́rragá. Let us lie down. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɨ́tɛ̀ŋ aɨrrág tɛ̀ bɔ́ɔ̀. The cow is lying down in the kraal. (Pk).

2 • To sleep at, sleep somewhere. aɨrrág ɨnkáŋítìè To sleep in other homes (other than yours). Néponu ɛnâ dúóó áŋ áàɨ̀rràg páà kɛ́ɛnɨ́ mɛtábaɨkɨ́ inkíshú ɨnkɛjɛ́k. They come to that home to sleep and tomorrow the cow's legs are tied. Áairrág táatá. [áàyráɡ] He will sleep in my home today. (Pk). Néponu ɛnâ dúóó áŋ áàɨ̀ràg. They come to that home to sleep.

3 • [West] To have sexual intercourse. Usage: polite. Ɛɨrrágá Josefin, Jon. Josefin and Jon have slept together (i.e. had intercourse). (W).

4 • To continually do sth. in a bothersome way. Nɛ́ɨ́rrág aɨrɔ́. He keeps talking (e.g. like a drunkard might incessantly do). (W). Áshɔ́mɔ̀ amɨ́r incereretí tɛ̀ mparét nɛ́ɨ́rrág aké áàrʉ̀nyɛ̀. I went to chase the monkeys from the farm and they just kept forcing themselves (back) this way. (W). LING: When occurring with this aspectual meaning, a-ɨrrág cannot follow the semantically more specific verb: *Nɛ́ɨ́rɔ́ aɨrrág. Usage: See usage note at a-gɨrá..

a-ɨrragɨshɔ́ To spend the night away.

a-ɨrragʉ́ 1 • To sleep in sth. Ɛɨrráguakɨ́. It was slept in. Mɛɨrragʉ́ni.̀ Let it be slept in.

2 • To stop to sleep in different places before reaching where one is going.

3 • To lie oneself down.

a-ɨrragaá 1 • To sleep at a place while on the way to somewhere else. Áɨ́rrágáa Lemek. I shall sleep at Lemek (on my way out). Kálò aɨrragaá Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀ peê atúm ashɔ́mɔ̀ áŋ. I will sleep at Nairobi on my way to home.

2 • To sleep away (from home). Usage: Negative, esp. with respect to young people. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛnkɛráí náíúshúùsh aɨrragaá inkáŋítìè. The loitering child has gone to sleep away in other homes. (Pk).

3 • To lie around. Ɛgɨ́rà intárɛ̀ pɔ́ɔkɨ áàɨ̀rràgàà tɛ̀ lɔ́kɛ̀t. All the goats and sheep are lying in the pen. (Pk).

a-ɨrragíé 1 • To lay sth. down, put down. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aɨrragíé iŋúsìdìn ɛnyɛ́na pɔɔkɨ́. The man is putting down all his sticks. (Pk). See: a-pɨ́k ‘To put sth. down’.

2 • To lie down with/at. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛnkɛráí aɨrragíé ɔlcaní ɔɨshɔɔ́kɨ̀. The child has lain down with medicine she took. (Pk). Ɨ́rragíé ɨnáíshí ɔ kʉ́lɛ! Have a good night! (lit: Lie down with beer and milk!) [Good-night wish before going to sleep].

3 • To make lie down. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛntásât aɨrragíé ɛnkɛráí kɨtɨ́. The woman has gone to make the little child lie down. (Pk).

a-ɨrragaríé 1 • To sleep away somewhere with sth. Képuo ɨltʉŋaná ɔ́ɨdʉ́rr áàɨ̀rràgàrìè inkíshú ɛnyɛ̂ inkáŋítìè. The migrants will sleep away at other people's homes with their cows. (Pk).

2 • To lay down low.

a-ɨrragakinyé 1 • To lay down on/with.

2 • To lay out before. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât aɨrragakinyé ɨnkɛ́rà ɛndáà. The woman is laying down the food before the children. (Pk). Nɛ́ɨ́rragakinyíékì nɨnyɛ́ ɛndáà mɛ́ɨ́nɔsá. And food was set before him to eat. (lit: And food was laid out for him so that he eats.). See: ɛn-kɨ́rrágátá ‘Lying down’; a-ɨrurá ‘To sleep’; a-pér ‘To sleep’.

a-ɨrrashʉ́ Variant: irashu. In some suffixed forms: a-ɨrrashʉ́n. v. To catch up with s.o. This is applicable regardless of wrongdoing (unlike a-ɨrrásh). (S). Rashúàkì! Catch up with him! (S).

a-ɨrrɨ́ v. v. To send. Nɛ́nà ɛmpálai nairríwutûâ ɨláláshɛ̀rà. Here is a letter sent by brothers.

2 • v. [North] To have diarrhea. This can be from either a bad disease or from a treatment to clean the stomach. Káɨ́rrɨ̀. I have diarrhea.

3 • v. [North] To circumcise. Káɨ́rrɨ̀ nkɛ́rà. I will/can circumcise my children. Kɛɨrrɨ́akɨ́ nkɛ́rà. The children have been circumcised. (S). See: a-ɨrrɨʉ́ ‘To send toward point of reference’; a-ɨrrɨwaá ‘To send away’; a-rɛ́ʉ́ ‘To send’; a-ipaayá ‘To send’.

a-ɨrriaayá v. 1 • To make sth. fall down.

2 • To promise sth. and then not do it; let a person down. See: a-rriáá ‘To fall down’; a-irraayá ‘To drop things’.

a-irríg [North] v. [North] To bend.

a-irrigó v.mid. [North] To bend self over. Múntókì airrigó! Stop bending over! (SN). See: a-irrúg ‘To bend sth’.

a-irrúg [North]: irrigó. v. To bend or incline sth. down from a vertical position. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí airrúg ɛncaní. The child is bending the shrub. (Pk). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí airrúg kewón. The child is crouching over. (Pk) (lit: The child is bending herself over.). A-kordíl indicates bending sth. relatively non-flexible so it remains in a bent shape. A-kɔrɨny indicates bending sth. flexible which has inner elasticity, with the aim of straightening it. Because the object has inner elasticity, it can springs back into its original shape. A-reré simply means 'to straighten sth.' A-gɨ́l means 'to fold' (a flat flexible item like cloth or paper), or 'to break' (a brittle item like a stick). A-irrúg indicates 'to bend sth.' Its middle form a-irrugó indicates 'to bend slightly forward from about the upper back and shoulders'; while a-ijululó can be used for a person bending forward from the waist so that the buttocks point outward. A-olól means 'to bend sth. flexible that can again resume its shape', but the object does not have inner elasticity.

a-irrugó v.mid. 1 • To bend one's head or back forward from the waist on down. This is the position of a child when greeting an elder. Ɛ́máírrugó ɨlʉ́kʉ́ny Let us bow our heads! Ɛgɨ́rà ɨnkɛ́râ kʉ́tɨtɨ́ áàìrrùgò ɛgɨrá áàìgùràn. The small children are bending down as they play. Éírrúgè. It has become bent. See: a-ijululó ‘To bend forward with buttocks out’.

2 • To bend each other down.

a-irrugokí To bend down towards, stoop down to. airrugokí ɛlʉ́kʉ́nyá ɛnkɔ́p To look down (lit: To bend the head to the ground). This is the action a child does when greeting an elder.

a-irrugokinó To bend down towards, be stooped down towards; bend over each other; bend down.

a-irrugoré 1 • To bend down at.

2 • To tumble at.

a-irrugorí To bend over that way.

a-irrugoyú To be bendable. Meirrúgòyù. It cannot be bent.

a-irrugú To bend this way.

a-irrugunyé To bend over this way. See: a-ɨrrág ‘To lie down’; a-kɔrɨ́ny ‘To bend’; a-olól ‘To bend’; a-shúk ‘To bend roofing sticks’.

a-ɨsaganyá v.mid. To squat. Ɛɨságánya táatá. He will squat today. (W). Ɛɨságánya oshî aké. He always squats. (W). Ɛɨságányɛ̀ ŋolé. He squatted yesterday. (W). Míntókì aók kʉlɛ́ intáshè; ísaganyayú. Don't drink milk while standing; at least squat. (W).

a-ɨsarrɨsárr v. To walk fast. Ɛgɨ́rà ɨnkɛ́râ áàɨ̀sàrrɨ̀sàrr áàpùò sukúùl. The children are walking fast to school. (Pk). See: a-siooyó ‘To walk quickly’; a-ɨnapɨnáp ‘To walk quickly’; a-isurokí ‘To walk quickly’.

a-iseiseyíé v. 1 • To keep on touching gently. The touch should be repetitive. See: a-ɨbʉ́ŋ ‘To touch’.

2 • To shake sth. by tapping (particularly sth. lying). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aiseiseyíé ɛnkáɨ́ naɨrʉ́rà. The child is shaking the other one who is sleeping. (Pk). See: a-ipiripír ‘To shake’; a-ɨŋʉnʉŋʉ́n ‘To shake’; a-igusugús ‘To shake’; a-ɨpɔ́sh ‘To shake’; a-inyenyé ‘To shake’; a-ɨkíj ‘To shake’.

3 • [North] To move sth. small back and forth horizontally or vertically, without effort.

a-isiadʉ́ v. To lag behind, come last.

a-isidakɨ́ To lag behind. Kórè ɔpá kɨ́ndʉ́rrɨ́tâ áàpùò enetií ɛnkárɛ̀, ɔlálɛ́ loó nkíshú âŋ náàìtùrùkìtò, nɛ́sʉjakɨ́ ɔlálɛ̀ lóò nkíshú ɔɔ́ Ɛmpapá, nɛ́ɨ́sɨadákɨ̀ ɔlálɛ̀ lóò nkíshú oó Lemeín. When we were moving to where water is, then the group of our cows was the first one, followed by a group of Empapa's cows, then lastly the group of Lemein's cows. (W). See: a-ɨŋɔpʉ́ ‘To lag’.

a-ɨsɨ́k [North]: a-ɨsɨ́g. v.prog. To run away, flee, escape. Ɛ́ɨ́sɨ̀k. He will run away / escape. Ɛɨsɨkɨ́tà. She is running away. Kɛ́ɨ́sɨ́gâ. They have run away. (S). Kórè peê ɛ́dɔ́l iyioó lósowuaní nɛ́arárì áàɨ̀sɨ̀g. When the buffalo saw us, they ran away fleeing. (SN). Kɛ́ɨ́sɨgɨ́tà rónkòn. The dik-diks will run away. (SN). For mk, this is not a permanent departure.

a-isikíé To run away with.

a-ɨsɨkakɨ́ To flee to. See: a-kúɛ́t ‘To run’; a-ipirrí ‘To run away’.

a-ɨsɨrdɨɨ́d [North]: a-ɨsʉrdɛɛ́d. v. 1 • To stretch into a line; lengthen.

2 • To pull apart.

a-ɨsɔmpɨrá v. To swim. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkáyíóní aɨsɔmpɨrá tɛ̀ nkárɛ̀. The boy is swimming in the water. (Pk). See: a-ár ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-sʉjarɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-pór ɛŋkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-lɔ́p (ɛŋkárɛ́) ‘To swim’.

a-isuaayá v. 1 • To splash about, "make a splash" Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aisuaayá ɛnkárɛ́ tɛ̀ bɔ́ɔ̀. The child is splashing out water outside the house. (Pk).

2 • To pour out violently (as when rinsing out a cup). See: a-isúák ‘To splash’; a-ibukoó ‘To pour away’.

a-isúák v. To splash about, make a splash. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aisúák kʉlɛ́ tɛ̀ bɔ́ɔ̀. The child is splashing out milk outside the house. (Pk). See: a-isuaayá ‘To splash about, "make a splash"’.

a-ɨsʉrdɛɛ́d [North] v. [North] To lengthen. See: a-ɨsɨrdɨɨ́d ‘To lengthen’.

a-isurokí [North] v. 1 • [North] To walk quickly.

2 • To slip or slide into. See: a-pɨ́k ‘To put into’.

a-ishankíl v. To loiter; wander. See: ɔl-cánkílí ‘Loitering donkey’.

a-ɨshɨrtɨ́t v. 1 • To be slick. Kɛ́ɨ́shɨ́rtɨ̀t ɛná mártî This cliff is slick.

2 • To slide. Ágɨ́ra aɨshɨrtɨ́t tɛ̀ márti. I am sliding from the cliff. Syn: a-ɨdɛkɛ́t ‘To be slick’.

a-ɨshɨrʉ́ [North] v. [North] To seek help or aid from. Eishírúá ɛnkɛráí ŋɔ́tɔ́nyɛ́ The child has gone to seek help from her mother. Kɛ́ɨ́shɨ́ɛ́rʉ̀à. He has come for help. (S). Kɛ́ɨ́shɨ́rɨ́tʉ́à. They have come for help. (S). Káaɨshɨrákà. He has come to me for help. (S).

a-ishukushukoó v. To throw sth. away. See: a-ɨtʉraá ‘To throw away’.

a-ishúsh [North] v. [North] To walk like a drunkard (whether due to intoxication or not); stagger.

ɨ́-ntadóí v.imp. Imperative verb, Let sth. down, lower it. Táŋàsà ɨ́ntadóí iyíóók. "Let us down first!". LING: /itadoi/ has the causative prefix and an -i suffix. However, the root */do/ never occurs without some other stem-formation derivational suffix. */doi/ also does not occur without the /ita-/ prefixal formative.

a-itadoyíó v tr. To let down, lower, drop sth. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlcánì aitadoyíó ɨntapʉ́kà ɛnyɛ́nà. The tree is dropping its flowers. (Pk).

a-ɨtáɨ́ [Moras as àytáy] In some suffixed forms: a-ɨtáɨ́n. v. To remove. See: a-ɨtaʉ́ ‘To remove’.

a-ɨtamán v dtr. To put sth. around sth. else, surround with, encircle with. aɨtamán ɨnkɨkʉ́ ɛnkáŋ peê mépúkú inkíshù to surround the kraal with thorny branches so the cows won't come out (Pk).

a-ɨtáŋ v. 1 • To move in an unsteady, irregular, stoopy manner, as an old person might move. Mɛɨdɨmárì, kɛ́ɨ́taŋɨ́tàŋ tè nélò He can not walk, he jerks when he moves.

2 • To show little bursts of movement or life, especially of a dying animal. Kɛ́ɨ́taŋɨ́tàŋ amʉ̂ ɛ́táá kɛ́yɛ̀ It is making little bursts of life because it's just about to die.

a-ɨtaŋɨtáŋ To keep on showing little bursts of life as it dies.

a-ɨtarɛ́ v.prog. To escort s.o.; accompany. Ɛɨtárɛ́ɨ́tà Páàpà ɛnkanáshɛ̀ áí. My father is escorting my sister. (W). Ɛɨtáríá. He escorted him. (W). Ɛɨtárɛ́ɨ́shɔ́ empapá kákè eshukúnyè. My Dad is escorting, but he will come back. (W).

a-ɨtashé [North]: a-ɨtacé. PF, SUBJN: ɨtasho. v.prog. 1 • To stand, stand up. Áɨ́táshè. I am standing. (W). Ɨ́ntáshè. You are standing. (W). Ɛɨtáshè. He is standing. (W). Kɨ́ntàshè. We are standing. (W). Ɨ́ntáshéshè. Y'all are standing. (W). Ɛɨtáshè. They are standing. (W). Einyó ɔltʉ́ŋání ɔ́tɔ̀nɨ̀tà aɨtashé. The person who was sitting has stood up. (Pk). Káɨ́táshè. I'm standing. (S). Káɨ́tashéítò. I was standing. (S). Néjo aɨtashé tɛ̀ kʉtʉ́k ají, When he tried to stand at the door, Ɨ́ntashó Stand up! Shɔ́mɔ̀ ɨ́ntashó tɛ̀ idîê. Go stand over there!

2 • To stop, halt. aɨtashé náají ɔltʉ́ŋání ólòìtò. Someone who was walking stopped. (Pk).

3 • To contest a leadership or political seat. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlɔ́pɛ̀ny olórìkà aɨtashé aŋór olórìkà lɛnyɛ́. The chairman is contesting again to defend his seat. (Pk).

ɨ́ntashó 1 • Stop!

2 • Let me..; excuse me ..; permit me.

a-itasheikí 1 • To stand for.

2 • To take care of; look over.

a-ɨtayú In some suffixed forms: a-ɨtayún. v. 1 • To remove, take out. Ɨ́́ntayú enkiriŋó tɛ̀ mótì. Remove the chunk of meat from the cooking pot. (Pk). See: a-ɨtaɨ́ ‘To remove’.

2 • To give out; donate; offer. aɨtayú ɔsárgɛ́ to donate blood.

3 • To make. Eitáyio enkítòk óríkíè tɔɔ́ ɨyashɛtá. The woman has made marks (in the dirt) with the lattice sticks. Ɨ́ntayú ɔlkásì lé únoto. Do the work of the installation-ceremony.

a-ɨtayú inkík To defecate.

a-ɨtayú ɨsɨ́nkɨ́r

a-ɨtaɨ́ isíŋkìr [North] To fish. See: a-ɨbʉ́ŋ ‘To catch’; a-rrésh i-sínkìr ‘To fish’; a-ŋorú ‘To fish’.

a-ɨtáyù enkiyîô To miscarry. See: a-iú ‘To bear offspring’.

a-itejó v. To do sth. to an object in such a way that a sound is emitted; make sth. sound; followed by ideophonic word. Néítèjò osíwùò, huuu! The wind took them, huuu! Páà kéítèjò ɔlárínkóí tiáborí ɛnkalʉ́ɛ́nà, pau! So he did to [whacked] Olarinkoi below the ear. Pau!

a-ɨtɛrrɛ́ [North]: a-ɨtɛrɛ́. v.s. 1 • To faint, typically involving falling; be unconscious. Ágɨ́rà aɨtɛrrɛ́. I am fainting. (W). ɔltʉŋánì ɔɨtɛ́rrɛ person who is unconscious.

2 • To fall, as in fainting. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí aɨtɛrrɛ́ aósh ɛnkɔ́p. The child is falling as in fainting to hit the ground. (Pk).

a-ɨtɛrrʉnyɛ́ To come fainting.

ɔl-aitérrìànì Variant: ɔl-aɨtɛ́rrànì (W). A person who faints. See: a-batatá ‘To fall’; a-sʉlarí ‘To fall off’; a-urorí ‘To fall’; a-ikururumorí ‘To fall’.

a-itíák 1 • To let s.o. fall down.

2 • To let s.o. down. See: a-batát ‘To make s.o. fall down’; a-irraayá ‘To make s.o. fall down’; a-ɨrriaayá ‘To make s.o. fall down’.

a-itíám v. 1 • To jump from one place to another; hop. Éítìàm oltúáà. A frog hops. Ɛgɨ́rà aitíám oltúàà. The frog is hopping. Éítíámá tɛ̀ ndapásh aló oltírén. It has hopped from bed to the floor. Eotíkì ɛnkáyíóní aitiamíé ɛndápásh. The boy will keeping on hopping on top of the bed intentionally. See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’.

2 • To jump as in dancing/singing. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlmʉrraní aitíám tɔ̀ sinkólìò. The warrior is jumping as he sings. (Pk). See: a-itiamakɨ́ ‘To mount on’.

a-itiama (?) v. To fly. See: a-ló ti aí ‘To fly’; a-ipirrí ‘To fly’.

a-itiamakɨ́ v. 1 • To serve (a cow), impregnate (cattle); mount (for the purposes of copulation). Usage: Typical of animals; euphemistic for humans. Eteréwúá ɔlpáyìàn ɔlɔɨŋɔ́nɨ̀ oitíámakɨ inkíshú. The man has brought a bull that will mount/serve the cows. Eitiamákinyíé olmérègèsh ɨntaré He has made/used the ram to mount/serve the sheep. Ɛ́tʉ́pʉ́shá ɛlɛ́ ɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́; ɛgɨ́rà aitiamakɨ́ inkíshú. This bull has been rutting; it is mounting on cows. (PK).

2 • To hop onto; jump at, jump to. Eitíámákɨ́ oltúáà atúà ɛnkárɛ́ tɛnɛ́dɔ̀l ɔltʉŋánì. The frog jumps into the water when it sees a person.

a-itiamakinó To have been served. See: a-tɔnɨkɨ́; To impregnate; a-ɨdakɨ́ ‘To mount’.

a-itiɛnyá v. To collapse through famine, etc. See: a-ɨtɛrrɛ́ ‘To faint’.

a-ɨtɨnyɨ́k v. To bring together. Káɨ́tɨ́nyɨ́kɨ́tà. I'm bringing them close together. (S). Káɨ́tɨnyɨ́kakɨ́ nkitábù nkikómpè. Káɨ́tɨ́nyɨ̀k nkikómpè oó nkitábù. I'm bringing the cup and book together. (S). This is done by moving either one. Ɛ́mɨntɨ́nyɨ́kʉ́ ɨ́nâ kɛ́ráí amʉ̂ kɛ́átà olmarenké. Don't invite that child because she lies. (W).

ɨn-tɨ́nyɨ̀kà n. Homes that are built closely together.

a-ɨtɨ́r v.prog. 1 • To break off completely (e.g. a chain, rope, flow of a river). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkárɛ̀ aɨtɨ́r amʉ̂ etudúŋè ɛnkɔ́ŋʉ̀ ɛ́ ncɔ́rrɔ̀. The water (flow) has broken because the source has been cut. (Pk).

2 • To get away from the rest of the team or move from your place to somebody's place mostly to cause chaos.

3 • [North] To jump a long distance (of a small animal, e.g. a grasshopper). Kɛ́ɨ́tɨ́rɨ́tà. He is jumping. (S). See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’.

a-ɨtɨrrakɨ́ To move from one place to another to cause chaos.

a-itó v. To go back. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aitó ɛnkáŋ oó nkíshú. The man is going back to his home where cows are. (Pk). See: a-shukó ‘To go back’; a-rriny ‘To bring sth. back’; a-ɨbɛlɛkɛny ‘To turn sth. over’.

a-itú v.dir. To come back. Eitú. He will come back. Eítù. He will come back. (W). Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aitú amʉ̂ ɛshɔmɔ inkáŋítìè. The man is coming back because he went to other homes. (Pk). See: a-shúk ‘To return’.

a-itupukú v. To bring out of the house. Éntupukú! Come out of the house! (Pk). See: enk-ítúpúkúnotó ‘The ritual of bringing a child out of the house prior to circumcision’.

a-iturúk Variant: a-ɨturúk. v.prog. To precede, go in front; lead. Ɛshɔmɔ̂ ɨlaɨkɨtálàk áàìtùrùk áàlèèn ɨlmaŋáti. The spies have gone ahead to scout out the enemy. Kórè ɔpá kɨ́ndʉ́rrɨ́tâ áàpùò enetií ɛnkárɛ̀, ɔlálɛ́ loó nkíshú âŋ náàìtùrùkìtò, nɛ́sʉjakɨ́ ɔlálɛ̀ lóò nkíshú ɔɔ́ Ɛmpapá, nɛ́ɨ́sɨadákɨ̀ ɔlálɛ̀ lóò nkíshú oó Lemeín. When we were moving to where water is, then the group of our cows was the first one, followed by a group of Empapa's cows, then lastly the group of Lemein's cows. (W). Ɛshɔmɔɨtɔ́ impûôt áàìtùrùk peê ɛsʉjʉ́ oltîm. The forward group of warriors is leading, followed by the backs.

ɛ-naitúrùk n.r. 1 • The most important thing.

2 • The one that is leading. See: dʉkʉ́yà ‘Ahead’; a-siooyó ‘To arrive early, first’; a-ŋás ‘To do first, arrive first’.

a-ɨtʉrʉpakɨ́ v. To get filled up, swollen, plump; especially the teats or breats with milk. Kákè nɨ́ntɛ̀r adɔ́l ajó etubúlua inê; nɛ́ɨ́tʉrʉpákɨ̀ kunén, ɨlʉkʉ́ny aké ɔɔ́ irkimojík, But you first see that part has grown; it plumps up here, the tips (heads) of the fingers .

a-iturrúrr v.prog. To gather, bring, collect together into one group. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlayíóní aiturrúrr ɨntarɛ́ amʉ̂ ésíápírdátɛ̀. The boy is gathering together the goats/sheep because they are scattered. (Pk). Káítúrrúrrítò soitó. I am collecting stones together into a pile. (SN). Káítúrrúrró soitó ŋolé. I collected stones together in a pile yesterday. (SN). Néíturrúrrò pɔ́ɔkɨ. They all gathered together. Eiturrúrròtè ɨnkátàmpò. The clouds have gathered together. (Pk). Kéítúrrurri ɨnkayîôk áâ ɨláɨ́bártàk. Boys are gathered together who are new initiates. LING: TM: a-iturrúr(r). LING: In sl's speech (SN), Káítúrrúrró soitó ŋolé has an extra-high tone on the last mora of the verb. See: a-bɔsʉ́ ‘To collect, gather’; a-sót ‘To collect, gather, put together’; a-ŋɛrʉ́ ‘To gather fruits’.

a-iul v. 1 • To swing, swerve. Ɛgɨ́rà aíúl empíókî tɛ̀ nkoitóí. He is swerving the vehicle on the road. (Pk).

2 • To stir. This is usually done with ol-kípìrè.

3 • To go all over the place. Usage: informal. ɔltʉŋánì oíúlo a person who moves from one place to another.

a-iulokí 1 • To get to the point.

2 • To stir for.

a-iulú ɛnkɨ́má To make fire with a firestick. This is mostly ceremonial, where the.

a-iwúáŋ v. 1 • To go aside, get out of the way, take a turn, take a side route. Kéíwúáŋgà. He has taken a different path. (S). Ɛgɨ́rà shʉmatá aɨpʉsʉ́ amʉ̂ ɛgɨ́rà ɨnkátàmpɔ̀ áàìwùàŋà. The sky is becoming blue because the clouds are clearing off. (Pk).

2 • To depart, as in death. Kéíwúáŋà. He has died. (S). This would be said if the deceased were not very old. See: a-yɛ́ ‘To die’.

a-iwuaŋíé v. To remove, put aside. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât aiwuaŋíé ɔltîm peê ɛɨpáŋ intárɛ̀. The woman is removing the (last of) the gate branches so that the goats/sheep may go. (Pk). See: a-ɨtɛŋɛ́l ‘To remove’.

a-iwuatiwúát [North] Acc sg: a-iwuotiwuot. v. 1 • To move sth. smoothly to and fro or to another side. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlmóílaâ aiwuatiwuatá The beetle is moving slightly.(Pk).

2 • [Chamus] To change sth. See: a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ‘To turn’.

a-iwúl v. 1 • To move something (e.g. a club) back and forth.

2 • To move straight towards.

a-iwuló v.mid. To move from place to place without rest. See: a-ijúl ‘To decant’.

a-iwúót [North] v. 1 • [North] To migrate.

2 • [North] To change sth. áàìwùòtìwùòt ɨltʉ́ŋáná to change people. See: a-ɨdʉ́rr ‘To migrate’.

a-iwúsh v. 1 • To loiter. Ɛshɔmɔ́ olkirikóí aiwúsh tɔɔ́ ldʉ́kayí. The loiterer has gone to loiter in the shops. (Pk). This is mainly negative, especially with respect to young people.

2 • To transgress; have bad habits; be out of line, not follow the usual pattern, be defiant. Ɛgɨ́rà ɨnkɛ́rà áàìwùsh áàny ɛ́nɨ̂ŋ intóiwúó ɛnyɛ̂. The children are transgressing by disobeying their parents. (Pk). Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɛnkɛráí náíwushúwùsh aɨrragaá ɨnkáŋítìè. The wayward child has gone to sleep away in other homes. (Pk).

a-iwushíé To make bad behaved. See: a-looló ‘To loiter’; a-ɨmɛ́k ‘To transgress’.

a-iyupuyúp v.prog. 1 • [North] To shake or bob as you move.

2 • To blaze. Íyupiyupié ɛnkímá. Make the fire blaze! Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɨ́mà aiyupuyúp olêŋ. The fire is blazing so much. (Pk). See: a-ɨnɔ́k ‘To light’; a-kʉ́t ‘To blow’.

a-jieyú [North]: jeí. v. To swell. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɛráí ajieyú nátaŋorô ilótòròk. The child who has been stung by a bee is swollen. (Pk). See: en-jíán ‘Swelling’.

a-jɨ́ŋ v. 1 • To enter, go in. Ɛgɨ́rà enkínè ajíŋ atûâ ɛlɔkɛ́t. The goat is getting into the fold. (Pk). Enê ɛ́tɨ́jɨ́ŋá. This is where he entered. Enê ɛtɨ́jɨ́ŋá. This is where he entered. Enê étíjíŋíé. They went in through here. Enê etíjíŋíé. They went in through here. Enê etijíŋunyê. They came in through here. Enê etijíŋunyê. They came in through here. Ɛ́tɨ́jɨ́ŋá enkínè (atûâ) ɛmúátátá The goat entered the kraal. Néjo ájɨ́ŋ ɛnkají, nɛ́kúɛ́t ɛnkáji, When he tried to enter the house, the house ran (away). Kéudí oshî ɨnkɛ́rà kʉtɨ́tɨ́ ɔsindánó peê mɛ́jɨ́ŋ ɛntɨ́dɨ̀yàì. Children are taken to hospital for smallpox vaccine. (lit: Children are injected so smallpox doesn't enter.). Mmetumókì ɛná áyíóní atɔtɔ́nà aɨtɔbɨrakɨ́ amʉ̂ ɛ́tɨ́jɨ́ŋá ɔldʉ́taɨ́ ɔltúlìì This boy cannot sit well because he has a boil on his buttock. (Pk).

2 • To fit. Ɛshɔmɔ̂ ŋolé inkáyìòk mɛshɔ́mɔ́ɨ́ áàtɛ̀m isésènì peê eyiolouní ɛnɛbâ inkílaní naajîŋ. The boys went yesterday to be measured so that it can be known which clothes fit.

a-jɨŋaá 1 • To keep on entering into many places.

2 • To effect.

a-jɨŋá v.mid. 1 • To be entered. Ɛjɨ́ŋà ɛndâ ájì. That house has been entered. Ɛjɨ́ŋà It (e.g., a cave) is entered [I can see someone inside].

2 • To become mentally ill. Ɛgɨ́rà olkúóô ajɨŋá. The lamb is becoming mentally ill.

a-jiŋíé To go in through.

a-jɨŋʉ́ 1 • To enter, come in.

2 • To be in accord with. enkoitóí nájiŋunórè énêbiblia the path that is completely in line with the Bible.

a-jiŋunyé To come in through. See: ɛn-jɨ́ŋátá ‘Entering’; ɛn-jɨ́ŋárɛ́ ‘Entering’; ɛn-jɨŋɛ́t ‘That which is entered’.

ɛn-jɨ́ŋátá Nom sg: ɛn-jɨŋatá. Acc pl: ɨn-jɨŋát. Nom pl: ɨn-jɨŋát. n. Entering. Ɛnjɨ́ŋátá sídáí taá ɨnɑ̂ osínkólíó ɨnâ. The joining/entering of that song is great. (Pk). See: a-jɨ́ŋ ‘To enter’.

ɛn-jɨŋɛ́t Nom sg: ɛn-jɨ́ŋ¹t. Acc pl: ɨn-jɨŋɛ́tà. Nom pl: ɨn-jɨ́ŋ¹tà. n. That which is entered. See: a-jɨ́ŋ ‘To enter’.

a-jó ŋâm v.prog. To take off running and cover some distance. Néjo ɔltását ŋâm. The old man ran away.

a-jɔɔ́l v. To overtake, go ahead of s.o. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛngárrî ajɔɔ́l ɛnkáɨ́. The vehicle is overtaking the other one. (Pk). Mɛjɔɔ́l mûrt nkúé. The neck never surpasses the head. (S). See: a-murút ‘To overtake’; ɛn-jɔ́ɔ́làtà ‘Overtaking, turning point’.

a-jʉjʉmá v. 1 • [North] To push with force.

2 • To squat. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔláyíóní ajʉjʉmá nɛ́mɛ́ɨ́tábaɨkɨ iltulí ɛnkɔ̂p. The boy is squatting and he will not let his buttocks reach the ground. (Pk). See: a-iŋadedé ‘To squat’; a-ɨgʉtʉmá ‘To squat’.

a-jʉmaá [North] v. [North] To push sth. with force. See: a-jʉjʉmá ‘To push with force’.

a-jút [South]: a-jít. v. 1 • To rub sth. off, wipe off, clean off. Éjút. He will wipe it. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛntásât ajút ɨnamʉ́kà naáàtà entérít. The woman is wiping shoes that have dust. (Pk). Ɛgɨ́rà entitó ajút entúrótó naelíékì. The girl is rubbing off the chalk painted on her. (Pk). See: a-ój ‘To rub’; a-sɨ́k ‘To rub’.

2 • To erase. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkáyíóní ajút ɛmpáláí ɛnyɛ́ tɛ̀ jútèt. The boy is erasing his letter with an eraser. (Pk).

3 • To sack or fire s.o. from a job. Ɛgɨ́rà olkítòk ajút ɨltʉ́ŋńá lɛ́mɛ́ɛ́s esíáì. The officer (boss) is sacking people who are working. (Pk). The meaning is related to erasing writings in a book.

a-kárd v. To scratch. Ɛgɨ́rà emótonyî akárd ɔlcaní. A bird is scratching the tree. (Pk). Áatakardá lcumáí. The nail scratched me. (SN). Ɛtákárdá lcumáí nɨnyɛ́. The nail scratched him. (SN). Kɛ́kárdà. He/she is scratched (one or two scratches). (SN). Kɛ́kardɨkárdà. He is all scratched up (lots of scratches). (SN). LING: sl does not want to write the epenthetic ɨ. See: a-kɔ́rd ‘To scratch’.

a-kéd v.prog. To climb, potentially using both legs and arms. Ékéd. He will climb. Tákèdò shʉ́márotó íntayú nɛ̀nà shɨpɨ́shɨ̀p nátɨ́pɨ́kà. Go to the roof of the house and get me those slender branches I have put (there). (Pk). Ékédítò. She is climbing. (W). One could climb a hill using just legs. See: a-dɨ́r ‘To climb (a slope)’.

a-kɛlɛlaá v.dir. To separate sth. from the rest. Tɛ́kɛlɛláí. Separate it out! Átɛ́kɛ́lɛ́láyìè ŋolé. I separated it out yesterday. LING: There is no extant verb *a-kɛlɛ́l. This root does not take a morphological causative or progressive.

a-kɛlɛlʉ́ To separate sth. out towards the point of reference. Tɛ́kɛlɛlʉ́. Separate it out! Syn: a-kɛpaá ‘To separate out’. See: a-gɛ́l ‘To sort out’.

a-kɨ́rɨ́ v. To pass through, traverse.

a-kɨ́rr v. 1 • To scratch. akɨ́rr ɛmɨ́sà tɔ̀ lmʉ́shʉmáà to scratch on the table with a nail. See: a-kɔ́rd ‘To scratch’.

2 • To pass out semen.

3 • To pass through, traverse. See: ol-kírríé ‘Boundary’.

a-kórd v. To bend sth. Kákórdítò aná senkêî. I am bending this wire. (SN). See: a-kordíl ‘To bend’; a-kɔrɨ́ny ‘To bend’.

a-kordó v.mid. 1 • To be crooked, be bent. sobúá nakórdò [sòbwá] herding stick that is crooked (SN). Kókórdò aná sénkèì. This wire/metal is crooked. (SN).

2 • To be lame.

a-kordíl v.prog. To bend, twist, coil sth. so it stays in a bent shape. Ákórdílítò. I am bending it. (W). See: a-irrúg ‘To bend’.

a-kordó To be lame.

a-kordiló Variant: a-kordiró. v.mid. To be bent, twisted, coiled. Ekórdírò ɛŋʉdɨ̂. The stick is bent. Ɛgɨ́ra akordiló ɔlcɛ́ta. The stick is bending. Ɛgɨ́rà eŋúdî alotú aɨsɨrɨrɨ́ amʉ̂ kékordílò náají. The stick is coming to be straight because it was crooked. (Pk).

a-kɔrɨ́ny v.prog. To bend sth. Tɔ́kɔ̀rɨ̀nyà Ákɔ́rɨ́nyɨ́tà eŋúdì mɛtáreriyoyú. I am bending the stick so it can be straight. (W). The object bent has inner elasticity so that it springs back into its original shape, or it may stay in the bent shape. Could do this to a wire. Could not do this to a cow's neck. See: a-kordíl ‘To bend sth’; a-irrug ‘To bend sth’; a-olól ‘To bend sth’; a-Cúk ‘To bend’; a-kɔ́rd ‘To bend’.

a-kúɛ́n v. To leave. Ɛtakúɛ́nyà ɛldɛ́ páyìàn ɔ́shɨ̀pà. The man who was happy left.

a-kúɛ́t PF, SUBJN: a-kúɛ́tá. v.prog. 1 • To move fast, run; run to or toward a goal. Ákúɛ́tà. I ran. Ɛyagáyìè ɛnkárɛ̀ amʉ̂ kɛ́kuɛtɨ́tà náají. Water subsided because it was running then. (Pk).

2 • To run away. See: a-ipirrí ‘To run away’; a-ɨsɨ́k ‘To run away’.

3 • To function. Ákúɛ́tíé ɛngárɨ̀ I will make the car run (e.g. by pushing it and running along with it). LING: This is phonetically pronounced as [akwɛ́t]. Other [uɛ] words are likewise pronounced with [wɛ] dipthongs. Irregular verb, mixing Class I and II features: Class I root shape, Class II perfective, Class II causative.

a-kuɛtɨkɨ́ To run to. Ákúɛ́tɨ́kɨ̀ kʉndâ kɛ́ra. I will run towards those children.

a-kuɛtakɨ́ To run for. See: ɛn-kúɛ́tátá ‘Running’.

ɛn-kúɛ́tátá Nom sg: ɛn-kuɛtatá. n. Running. See: a-kúɛ́t ‘To run’.

a-kúrr v. 1 • To scrape the ground bare (i.e. eliminate the grass from the ground); wipe off; sweep off; paw (the ground). Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́ akúrr ɛnkɔ́p. The bull is scratching the ground. Etukurróko enkítòk ilpayianí ɛndápásh peê ɛ́ɨ́rʉ́râ. The woman has wiped off dust from the bed so that men could sleep on it. Ékúrr. (i) He will sweep it off (W). (ii) He will scratch the ground. (K). LING: If no surface is specified, the understanding in K is that it is the ground which is scratched.

2 • To beat up thoroughly. Usage: colloq. Ɛtúkúrró ɔlɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́ ɔlɨkáɨ̀. The bull fought the other one.

a-kurrishoré To do scraping or pawing with. Tɛ̀ nɛ́mɛ̂ ɛnkáshê áí ítúkúrríshórê ɨ́ntaɨ, ánáátá ɛ́ɨ́tʉ̂ itumutúmù olóyìòtè láí. If you had not been ploughing the soil with my heifer, you would not have got my riddle.

a-kurró 1 • To be pawed, bare, swept off. Nakúrrò Nakuru, a town in Kenya (lit: the one that is bare).

2 • To make short jerky or writhing movements, as when an animal is dying or a person is sleeping.

a-kurroó 1 • To scratch off, paw away, sweep off.

2 • To loiter.

a-kurrokí To scrape the soil to. akurrokí inkulukúók To weed (lit: To scrape bare the ground) (W). akurrokí ɨlpáyɛ̂k inkulupúók To sweep the soil to the maize plant (to heap the soil around it).

a-kurroré 1 • Scratched off with.

2 • Loitering away with. See: ol-kúrrótó ‘Bare ground; dancing ground’; nakúrrò ‘The bare grassless place’.

a-kurrokí v. 1 • To remove the unwanted plants from the garden: weed.

2 • [North] To talk about s.o. who is not present.

3 • [North] To run fast. See: a-kʉ́rr ‘To talk about s.o.’.

a-kʉrrʉ́₃ v. To open eyes wide.

a-lám v. To move or keep away from: avoid. Kálám endá kíné. I will move away from that goat. Ɨ́ntalamáɨ́ ɛnâ kɛ́ráɨ́ dalût amʉ̂ Kéíbukóó kʉnâ motorí. Keep off this mischevious child, because he will pour out this soup. (Pk). Ɛ́tálámá. He avoided it. Ɛtálámá. He avoided it. (W).

a-ɨtalám To move away from.

a-lamá v.mid. To be apart. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aɨtɨnyɨ́k inkáŋítìè naálamá. The man is bringing together homes that are far apart. (Pk).

a-láŋ₁ v tr. 1 • v tr. To exceed, surpass, be more than. Kéíbótór ɔlpáyìàn aláŋ enkitók. The man is older than the woman. Kéíróíshì ɛnkɨ́tɛ̀ŋ aláŋ enkíné. A cow is heavier than a goat. (Pk).

2 • v.prog. To cross. Órè aké peê ɛɨnɛpʉnɨ́ nɛ́làŋ ɔltɔmɛ́. When they came to it, the elephant crossed it. Ɛgɨ́rà aaparɛ́ oreyíét aɨŋɔrʉ́ ewúéjì nɛlaŋíé. He is going alongside the river to look for a place to cross. (W).

a-laŋʉ́ To cross towards.

a-leén v. To scout; survey. See: e-léénòrè ‘Reconnaissance’.

a-léŋ₂ v. 1 • To intersect sth. Etaléŋòtè ilkeék ááré óotuurorî. Two trees that have fallen down have intersected with each other. Etaléŋòtè ɨltʉŋanák tɛnkoitóí. Two people have met on the way.

2 • To join into the middle of sth. Átáléŋó ɔlpáyìàn olkerérì. The man has cut into (joined) the middle of the queue. This word cannot be used to say that a car impacted with a person, as in an accident. But one car could do it to a road, or to another car.

3 • Intercept.

a-lilitá v. To walk. See: a-ló(t) ‘To walk’; a-mán ‘To walk’.

a-ló In some suffixed forms: a-lót. PF, SUBJN: shɔ́mɔ̀. PL: a-púó(n). v.prog. 1 • To move to or toward a goal; move away from a point of reference: go, go to; (sg. subject only). Áló ají. I will go to the house. Ɛɨtʉ́ elo Renóí sukúùl tɛ̀ nkárakɨ́ emueyíán. Renoi has not gone to school because of sickness. Néyookí, nélò aitisha kʉlɨ́kaɨ. Very early in the morning, he went to challenge the others. Ɛ́ncɔ̀ɔ̀ ɛnkayíónì éló aɨrrɨtá ilkuoóo tiáúlùò Let the small boy go herd the lambs and kids outside the village compound. (Pk). Elóítò emótonyí tɛ̀ kepér. The bird is flying in the sky. (Pk). Kájì ílóítò? Where are you going? (W). Níloólò. You will go all over the place. (W).

2 • To walk to (sg. subject).

3 • To go for, go to get (sg. subject). Káygɨ̀l aló nkárɛ́. I will go for water again. (S).

4 • Future time indicator in serial-verb construction (sg. subject). Káló ashʉlarɛ́ pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ láí. I am going to live with my friend. (Pk). Álótú anyá ɛná dáà tɛ̀ náshukúnyè. 'I will eat this food when I return. (W). Náà kéló alikí mɛ́nyɛ́. And he will go and tell his father. (W). LING: For some speakers no /t/ is added in the progressive elóítò (PK), while for others it is elótítò (K). See: shɔ́mɔ̀ ‘Imperative/subjunctive/perfective of 'go'? FIX THIS UP’; a-lotú ‘To come’; a-mán ‘To walk’; a-lilita ‘To walk’.

a-lɔ́₁ Variant: a-lɔ́k (KNE). v.prog. To spread out to dry. Álɔ́ɨ́tà. I am spreading it out to dry. Aloyíé olgosôî. I will use the rope to dry it (i.e. spread out the wet item over a rope). Eloyíé ɛnkáɨ́ná. She will use her hand/arm to spread it out to dry (either hang the wet item over her arm, or use her hand to spread it out on something else). See: a-lúá ‘To be spread out to dry’; a-ɨsaláásh ‘To spread’.

a-ló tì aí [West]: a-ló tɛ̀ nkaí. v. 1 • To fly. Ɨ́ŋʉrá siî íyíé ɛldɛ̂ mótonyî ólô tì aí. Look at that bird which is flying! (Pk).

2 • To act hurriedly or hastily. Ánaa íjó doí tì aí íló ánàà olmótònyî? Why are you acting hastily like a bird? See: a-ipirrí ‘To fly’; a-itiamá ‘To fly’; a-ló ‘To go’.

a-lɔ́k v. 1 • To meet s.o.

2 • To intercept, interrupt (e.g. when one is hurrying by).

3 • To seduce. See: a-ɨtɔlɔ́k ‘To intersect’; a-ŋamú ‘To intercept’.

a-lɔ́ny v. 1 • To parry, deflect, ward off.

2 • [South] To give way. See: a-ɨrɨshaá ‘To parry’.

a-looló v. 1 • To go around, go all over the place, wander.

2 • To loiter.

3 • To bend.

4 • To saunter. See: a-ɔlɔ́l ‘To bend, transform’.

a-lɔ́p nkárɛ́ [North]₂ v.prog. [North] To swim. Kálɔ́pɨ́tà nkárɛ́. See: a-ár ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-ɨsɔmpɨrá ‘To swim’; a-sʉjarɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-pór ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’.

a-lotilotú v. To come along. See: a-lotú ‘To come’.

a-lotoó v.sg. 1 • To go around with no real purpose.

2 • To go to different places. See: a-ló ‘To go’; áà-pùàyà ‘To go aimlessly (plural)’.

a-lotú PF: a-éù, -ewúo. SUBJN SG: óù. PL: áà-pùònù. PF.PL: e-(y)etúó. SUBJN PL: óotú. v. 1 • To move to or toward a goal in the vicinity of the point of reference; come, come to (sg. subject). Órè apá peê ɛmʉratɨ́shɔ̀ ɛldɛ́ páyìàn néyetúó osotúá lɛ́nyɛ̀ pɔɔkɨ́ áàret. When that man circumcised (his children), all his relatives came to help. Óotú ɛ́ntasotú ɨmálàsìn. Come and collect beer gourds. Nélotu orínka lɔ́larinkoi apukú tɛnâ aɨ sɛ́dɛr. Olarinkoi's club came out of the other cheek. Mílotúǃ Don't comeǃ (W). Óu enêǃ [wóu] Come hereǃ (W).

2 • To come from. LING: Though 'come' is expressed just by adding the Ventive -ʉ́(n) to lo(t) 'go', the Perfect(ive)/Subjunctive forms involve distinct suppletive roots: shɔ́mɔ̀ 'go' and eu or wuo 'come'.

a-lotulotú Variant: a-lotilotú. To come along. See: a-ewúo ‘To have come (PF)’; a-ló(t) ‘To go to’; a-iŋuaá ‘To come from’.

a-ludoyíé drop.by ?

v. To drop by. Népúónú ɨlpáyianí dúóó etií ɛtaá etuludóyìè mɛnyɛ́ Men from the neighborhood will come after his father has passed away.

a-lusoó v. 1 • To pass away, die ?

2 • To surpass.

máapé v.imp. First person plural imperative 'Let's go', covering strong to mild imperative. Ɛtiáka enkítòk ɛnkɛ́ráí ɛnyɛ́: Máapé áŋ! The woman told her child: Let's go home! Máapé áàɨ̀dɨ̀p entúróre ɛ́ nkɔ́p peê kípûô áŋ. [ɛ́ŋkɔ̄p] [kípúó ! āŋ] Let us go and finish up the cultivation so that we can go home. (Pk). Máapé aulúó áàdɔ̀lʉ̀ inkíshú. Let us go outside the kraal to see the cows coming. (Pk). Ɛ́máapé! Let's go! (to more than one person).

máapeití Let's go (Plural). See: a-ló ‘To go’; shɔ́mɔ̀ ‘Go!’.

a-máírr v. To turn or bend sth., typically a mass (e.g. herd of cows, crowd of people).

a-mán v.prog. 1 • To go around, surround sth. ɛmanɨ́tà ɔlpáàshìè ɛnkáŋ The fence surrounds the home. Ámánɨ́tà olórìkà. I am going around (circling) the chair. Nɛ́manáà dúóó ɔlmʉrranɨ́ aiguɛná tɔ̀ lcánì. The warrior went around (the place where the warriors are seated) advising under the tree. Nélotu ɔlpáyìàn nɛ́manáà tɔɔ́ aŋitíé asotú ɨmálàsìn. The man comes and goes around homesteads collecting beer gourds. See: a-ló ‘To walk’; a-lilitá ‘To walk’.

a-manaá v. 1 • To revolve. Etúà ɛsáà amʉ̂ mɛgɨ́rà amanaá. The clock is dead (i.e. doesn't work) because it (i.e. it's hands) doesn't revolve.

2 • To go to the other side of the home, i.e from one house to another within the same homestead.

3 • To go around from one place to another. Ɛgɨ́rà amanaá aiŋorú inkíshú naɨ́mɨnâ. He is going around looking for cows that are lost.

4 • To spread around.

5 • To dawn. Ɛmanáà ɛnányòkìè. It is dawning. (lit: The red one is going around.). Ɛmanáà è sírûâ. It is dawning. (lit: The light gray-white is going around.).

a-ɨtamanaá To turn sth. Áɨ́tamanaá esíòtè. I am turning the lid.

manɨrá Round. See: laman kʉ́tʉ́k ‘Moustache’; a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ‘To turn’; a-pʉrʉpʉraná ‘To be round’; a-lɔlɔŋá ‘To be round’.

a-ɨtamanaá To turn sth. Áɨ́tamanaá esíòtè. I am turning the lid.

a-manyaá v.dir. 1 • To shift, move from place to place.

2 • [North] To suffer for a long time from sickness.

a-mɛrrɛgɛ́l v. v. To change direction of sth. Ɛ́tɛ́mɛ́rrɛ́gɛ́lâ ilpúrrishó ɛngárrì. The thieves have changed the direction of the car.

2 • v. To twist sth. amɛrrɛgɛ́l ɛnkáɨ́ná to twist the arm.

3 • v. To intentionally change the course of an action or issue. Ɛ́tɛ́mɛ́rrɛ́gɛ́lá ɔlpáyìàn ɨlɔmɔ́n. The man has changed the news.

a-mɛrrɛgɛlá v.mid. To change direction or mind. Syn: a-ɨbɛlɨbɛlɛkɛnyá ‘To change direction’; a-bɔɨ́n ‘To change direction’.

a-mɔnɨ́r [North]: manɨ́r. v. 1 • To twist. Ɛmɔnɨ́r. He will twist.

2 • To wring out something to remove water.

3 • To grab by the ear. Kátámánɨ́rà nkíyook. I grabbed the child by the ear. (S).

4 • To refuse someone after having promised something for a long time. LING: I think this is only avaliable in the mid. Kátámánɨ́rɛ̀. I have finally refused you. (S). See: a-nunúk ‘To twist’; a-pɨyáɨ̀ ‘To twist’; a-ɨrɨn ‘To twist’; a-ɨbɛlɛkɛ́ny ‘To turn around’.

a-murút v.prog. To go in front of s.o. travelling in the same direction; move into a position ahead of s.o. who is striving for the same thing. Émúrútíto. He is getting ahead of him. See: a-giroó ‘To pass’.

a-naŋarɛ́ v. To meet with s.o as it/he comes. Injí taá ɛ́nkʉ̀nàrì amʉ̂ ɨ́náŋárɛ́rɛ̀. Go this way because you (pl) will meet them coming. (Pk). LING: TM 157 state that the ending -arɛ describes "neuter" action by means of a specific instrument, or directed to a specific person or place.".

a-ɨtanaŋarɛ́ To make sth meet as it/he comes. See: a-náŋ ‘To hit’.

ɛ́ncɔ̀m v.imp. Plural imperative for 'go'. See: shɔ́mɔ̀; cómo ‘Go (sg)’.

a-nɛ́t v. To metaphorically pull away from sth (of humans).

a-nʉkʉ́ v. 1 • To come down as mist.

2 • To be in sad moods. Usage: figurative. See: a-ijuluús ‘To be in sad moods’.

a-nyɨ́k v. To approach, meet. ɔldúrùk lɛ́ ntɔ́mɔ́nɔ́nɨ̀ lɛ́mɛɨshɔ ɛnyɨkakɨ́ ɔlɛ́ɛ̂ the dirt of the woman who has just given birth which does not allow a man to approach her.

áà-nyɨ̀kà To be close together.

a-nyɨkakɨ́ To draw near to. Kátɨ́nyɨ́kákà. I have gone near it. (S). Kurtet ti nyikinyiku; ɛnkalɛm ti nyikinyiku. Spoon, draw near to me; knife, draw near to me.

a-nyɨkaá 1 • To meet going away.

2 • To go further away from s.o.

í-nyíô [íɲyô] Acc pl: ényiotó. v.imp. To rise up. Áuuûî! lóórérè ényiotó amʉ̂ ɛwákɨ̀ ɨntaré inyî! Help! People, wake up! somebody has stolen your sheep! See: a-inyototó ‘To get up’.

a-ŋasakɨ́ Variant: a-ŋasák. v. To greet fs.o. irst. This may be done by a youth bowing his or her head to an older person, who then places his/her hand on the child's head, or by a junior to a senior person. Ɛsʉ́lárɛ̀ tɛ̀ nɛ́akʉ mmɛŋasákɨ̀ ɨnkɛ́râ ɨlɔɔ́ mɛ́nyɛ̀. It is an embarrassment when children do not greet the fathers. (Pk). See: a-ŋás ‘To begin’.

a-ŋɛ́l v. 1 • To deviate from the main path. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn aiwúáŋ aló ɛnkáŋ náŋɛ̂l. The man is branching to the home that is on the other side of the road. (Pk).

2 • To not do what is expected by society. Usage: Metaphorical.

3 • To disburb, upset, abuse.

a-ŋɛlɨ́kɨ́ 1 • To do wrong to someone.

2 • To walk away from your intended path to visit somebody or a town, after which you will come back to your proper path/road.

a-ŋorishó [South]: ŋúrr. [Chamus]: ŋúr. v. To hunt.

a-ŋoró v. 1 • [North] To jump, horizontally or vertically. Káŋórò. I am jumping. (S). See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’; a-ɨ́d ‘To jump over’; a-dʉmʉ́ ‘To jump (as in a dance)’; a-itíám ‘To hop, jump’; a-ɨpɨrɨ́ ‘To jump’.

2 • To be speared. Kéŋórò ɛlɛ́ ŋatúny. This lion has been speared. See: a-ŋór ‘To stab’.

3 • To be naughty. Kéŋórò ɛnkáyíóní náàr inkíshú metúátà. A boy who kills cows is naughty.

a-ŋororí To leap continuously.

a-ŋoroŋoró [North] [North] To jump up and down, with quick, repetitive spasms.

ɔl-ɔɨdɨ́ Nom sg: ɔl-ɔ́ɨdɨ́. Acc pl: ɨl-ɔɔ́ɨ̀dɨ̀. Nom pl: ɨl-ɔ́ɔ̀ɨ̀dɨ̀. n. High jump. Ɛɨdɨ́ ɔlɔɨdɨ́ tɛ̀ súkuúl. A high-jump is jumped in school. Mɛ́ɨ́dɨ̀m ɔltʉ́ŋání ómùèì aɨ́dà ɔlɔɨdɨ́. A sick person can not be able to jump over a high-jump. See: a-ɨ́d ‘To jump over’.

a-olól v. 1 • To bend sth. flexible that can resume its shape again. Tóòlòlo emúrt ɛ́ nkɨ́tɛ́ŋ máíshòò ɔlcaní. Bend the cow's neck so we can give it medicine. (W). Syn: a-kɔrɨ́ny ‘To bend’.

2 • To transform sth.

a-ololó v.mid. 1 • To be bent.

2 • To be transformed. See: a-kɔrɨ́ny ‘To bend’; a-ɨrrúg ‘To bend down’; a-shúk ‘To bend’.

a-ɔnɔ́r v. To break through (a fence,etc.), bulldoze.

a-ororí v. To move right away.

a-oshoó v. 1 • To drive away.

2 • To "borrow" in absence of owner.

a-oʉ́k v. To turn. See: a-dám ‘To turn’; óù ‘Come!’.

a-paásh [North]: a-paác. v.prog. To avoid by making detour; bypass. Kápáásharɛ́ nánʉ́. I will avoid coming into contact with him. Ɨ́ntapaashá ɨlashɔ́ eúlulû amʉ̂ kɛ́sʉlakínò. Prevent the calves from getting near the valley because they will fall into it.

a-ɨtapaásh To cause to avoid. See: a-lám ‘To move away from’.

a-paasharɨ́ v. 1 • To be separated.

2 • To be different, distinguished from something else.

a-paashɨpaashá v. To vary.

a-pɛrá v.mid. 1 • To run hopping, leaping and springing very fast; pronk. Ɛgɨ́rà enkóílií apɛrá aɨŋatá ɔlŋátúny. The gazelle is running away very fast from the lion. (Pk). Ɛtɛpɛ́rɛ̀ aɨŋataá ɔlŋátúny. He ran pronking away from the lion. (Pk).

2 • [West] To bend or lean self; be in a prone position. Ɛtʉ́kʉ́tá ŋolé olárí ɨlpáɛ̂k ɔmɛtáà nɛ́pɛ̀rà. The rain blew the maize until they are bent. (W).

a-pɛtaá To lie on. Ɛpɛtáà. He will lie on (sth). Ɛpɛ́táà. He will lie on(something). (W). See: a-iricakinoó ‘To lean close to’.

a-pɨrɨrɨ́ŋ v. To roll. nɛ́pɨ́rɨrɨŋárì ɔlárìnkòì. Olarinkoi rolled down.

a-pɨyáɨ́ Variant: a-pɨyáɨ̀. [North]: pɨyɛ́ɨ́. Variant: a-pɨyáɛ́. v.prog. 1 • To twist, roll up (a hide, cloth, paper, etc.).

2 • To plait, weave, twine (the way a string or rope is made by rolling it on the thigh). Kápɨ́yáyɨ́tà. I am weaving/twisting it (by rolling). (SN). Kátɨ́pɨ́yà ŋolé. I wove it yesterday. (SN). Képiyáyà lgíitâ. The rope is woven. (SN).

3 • [North] To lose weight.

a-pɨyayakinó To wedge or converge into. Ɛ́tɨ́pɨ́yáyákínè ɔlasʉráí engúmótó. A snake has meandered/crawled into a hole. (Pk).

a-pɨyayarí 1 • (In combination with a movement verb) To run very fast, vanish. The image is that the one moving contracts itself or is streamlined to the point of vanishing. Ɛkuɛtá enkóílií apɨyayarí aɨlány oldîâ. The gazelle has run so fast away from the dog. (Pk). Ɛshɔmɔ́ apɨyayarí ɨmeékure einepunóyù. The has run so fast he cannot be reached. (Pk). See: a-nunúk ‘To twist’; a-mɔnɨ́r ‘To twist’; a-ɨɨ́rn ‘To twist’; a-shɛ́t ‘To plait’; a-ɛ́n ‘To plait’.

a-poŋorí 1 • To miss or lose one's way; go astray. Ágɨ́rà autaá peê méló aké apoŋorí. I am directing him so that he does not loose the way. Ítópóŋórì olêŋ. You have gone astray. (SN).

2 • To miss the point; misunderstand; be mistaken. Ítópóŋórì tɛ̀ iníá kirorotó. You have gone wrong in that speech. (mistaken in your ideas) (SN).

3 • To make a mistake. Ítópóŋórì olêŋ aɛ́m nkitók naɨ́làsh. You have gone wrong by marrying a proud wife. (SN). See: a-ɨmɨ́n ‘To get lost’.

a-pór v.prog. 1 • To go over, creep. apór ɛnkárɛ́ To float. Kóporítò nkúús mabátiì. The cat is walking over the roof. (SN). Káídìm atoporôî anâ dápdápoi. I can climb/creep over this rock. (SN). Káàpòrìtò lkúkuû. An insect is creeping on me. (SN). Alɛ̂ gíitâ ápórórie anâ ŋɛ́rɛ́m. This rope is what I will use to creep/climb over this precipice. (SN).

2 • To make a mark on the skin; brand.

3 • To be related to s.o.

a-poroó To move on top of; walk over.

a-porú To approach the point of reference.

a-pór ɛnkárɛ́ v. To swim, float. See: a-ár ɛnkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-ɨsɔmpɨrá ‘To swim’; a-sʉjarɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-lɔ́p (ɛnkárɛ́) ‘To swim’.

áà-pùàyà v.pl. 1 • To go around aimlessly, with no real purpose.

2 • To go to different places. See: a-lotoó ‘To go around aimlessly (sg)’.

a-pukokí To come out to, appear to. Etupukóka iyíóó nkɨ́ŋasíá. A strange thing has appeared to us. (SN).

a-pukú v. 1 • To emerge, come out, appear. Epukú. It will come out. aisúr olpááshé metúpukú ɔlasʉráí To prod the fence so that the snake will go out (Pk). Túpukú wóù bɔɔ́. Come on outside. (SN). Ɛ́tɔ́n doí mɛ́ɨ́shɔ́ ɛncalán ɨ́nâ kitók epukú tiájì. The weakness of that woman does not allow her to come out of the house. aɨtamán ɨnkɨkʉ́ ɛnkáŋ peê mépúkú inkíshù to surround the kraal with thorny branches so as to prevent the cows from coming out (Pk).

2 • [Chamus] To begin. See: a-púk ‘To transform’; a-ibíl ‘To come off’.

a-putorí [North] v. [North] To run fast after sighting danger. See: a-kúɛ́t ‘To run’.

a-rasʉ́ v. 1 • To attack hither.

2 • To break out (of an epidemic).

3 • To become a nuisance.

a-rɛtɨ́ʉ́ [North] v.prog. [North] To stretch. Kárɛ́tɨ́ʉ́ɨ́tà. I'm stretching. (S).

a-rɛ́ʉ́ [àɾɛ́w] v. To drive sth. away, send out. Ɛrɛwɨ́ inkíshú ɛnkárɛ́. The cows will be driven to the water place. Tɛ́rɛ̀wà ngárrì. Drive the car away! (SN). Ɛgɨ́rà aaparɛ́ oldóínyó aló arɛʉ́́ inkíshú. [or fvːàrèú with two final moras] He is going alongside the hill to go and bring the cows. (W). arɛ́ʉ́ mpálai [àrɛ́w] to send a letter (SN). Kárrínyítò ntaré arɛwakɨ́ lopény. I am returning these goats to the owner. (SN).

a-rɛʉ́ To drive sth. (cattle, car, etc.) towards the point of reference. a-rɛʉ́ To drive sth. towards. In some sufixed forms: a-rɛʉ́n. Népuoi áàrɛ̀ʉ̀ inkíshú. They brought the cows. Ɛrɛʉ́nɨ inkíshú áŋ. The cows will be driven home. Kárɛʉ nkíshú. [kárɛ́ʊ́ ! nkíshú, two moras at end of first word] I will drive the cows this way. (SN). Árɛ́wɨ́tà inkíshú oreyíét. I am taking the cows to the river. (W).

a-rɛwáá To drive away (e.g. animals). See: a-rɛʉ́ ‘To drive hither’; a-ɨrrɨwaá ‘To send’; a-ipaayá ‘To send’.

a-rík v.prog. 1 • To take s.o. somewhere, travel along with s.o. to show the way, lead, guide. arík ɨltʉ́ŋáná To lead the people (to be a leader). Lɔ́ mʉrraní, tɨ́rɨ̀shà iyíóók peê irík obô. Warrior, separate us so that you can go with one (of us). Érík. He will lead it. Érík. He will lead it. (W). Erikí. He will be led. Áríkɨ́tò. I am leading. Eríkítò. He is leading. (W). Kórè peê iló amɨ́r incereretí tɛ̀ mparɛ́t, nírik ɨ́lɔ̂ dîâ sápʉ̀k. When you go to chase the monkies from the garden, you take that big dog with you. (W). Ɨ́mbʉŋá ɛnâ óítóí amʉ̂ nɨnyɛ́ níkirik enetíi ilótòròk. Follow this path because it leads you to where the bees are. (W). nkíshú naarík lmɔŋɔ́ lɔ́ ltúálá [lmɔŋɔ́ lɔ́ ! ltúálá] the cows that are led by the ox with the bell (SN).

2 • To take (lead) a woman from her home to one's own home; marry. Ɛtáá képuonú ɛnkáŋ ɔlɛ́ Suyɨ́ánkà áàrìk entíto. Ole Suyianka's family is about to come and take the girl for marriage. (Pk). Nírik entíto ɛnkáŋ inó. You lead the girl to your home.

a-rikú To lead towards. Etoríkuokí dúóó oltórróboní olotú amʉrát ɨlayîôk. An expert in circumcision who will come to circumcise boys has been brought. Nélotu naá arikú entíto, amʉ̂ ɛ́táá naá ɔlpayíán. He comes now to lead (marry) a girl, because he has become a man. Torikú oldîâ Bring a dog! (W). See: e-ríkúnotó ‘Marriage’; ɔl-aríkònì ‘Leader’.

e-ríótó n. A stride. Syn: e-rórúátá ‘A stride’.

-rua v.pf. Imperative or subjunctive form of a-rɔ́ 'to kick'. See: a-rɔ́ ‘To kick’.

a-rʉbarɛ́ v. To accompany; go with. Verb is neutral with regard to means of movement, whether walking, in a vehicle, etc.

a-ɨtʉrʉbarɛ́ To make it follow. See: a-rʉ́b ‘To set a bone’.

a-rúk v. 1 • To thread, string beads. Túrùkò saé. Make a string of beads. (SN).

2 • To put meat on a stick; skewer.

3 • To pass through an area; patrol. a-rúk ntîm To patrol in the forest.

4 • To flow. Néínepuní ɔlkɛjʉ́ orúkò. They came to a flowing stream of water.

5 • To scrutinize. Kéruk ɨlMaasáɨ́ ɛntálɨ́pá ɛ papaí linó. Maasai scrutinize the historical background of your father. (KS).

e-rúkò Nom sg: e-rúkô. n. Column on the march.

e-rúkótó Nom sg: e-rukotó. Acc pl: i-rukót. Nom pl: i-rúkòt. n. 1 • Flowing.

2 • Safari.

a-rʉkʉnyɛ́ v. To descend towards the point of reference. Máɨ́tʉrʉkʉnyá áàòmòn. Let's close our eyes and pray.

a-ɨtʉrʉkʉ́ny To close one's eyes. Máɨ́tʉrʉkʉnyá taá Let's close our eyes. (C).

a-rʉ́s v.prog. To hit over a large surface area; bang into, collide. Árʉ́sɨ́tà ɛmotokáà. I am colliding with a car. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlárɛwání lɛ́ gárrì aaraá encótó ɛ́ táéné ɔ́ lgwɛ̂ peê mɛ́rʉ́s inkíshú. The driver of the car is keeping/fighting to the right side of the road so that he doesn't hit the cows. (W).

a-rriá v.mid. 1 • To fall down. Átárríê náakʉ́nyɛ̀ ɛnkainá. I fell down and my hand became paralyzed/stunned. (W).

2 • [Purko] To be broken in pieces.

3 • To backslide. Usage: christian.

4 • To fail. Árríàà ɛntɨ́mátá. I will fail the exam. (W). See: a-ur ‘To droop’.

a-rríny v.prog. 1 • To bring sth. back, return sth., restore sth. Ɛshɔmɔ́ arríny nkíné natupúrruakɨ́. He has gone to take back the stolen goat. (SN). Kárrínyítò ntaré. I am returning the goats back (e.g. from where they have been eating grass). (SN). Kárrínyítò ntaré arɛwakɨ́ lopény. I am returning these goats to the owner. (SN). Kárrínyókɨ́tà ntaré lopény. I am returning these goats to the owner. (SN). LING: Dative Applicative object lopény may syntactically occur before or after Patient object.

2 • To put away. Usage: This is used for things at mid to low level, lower than a-ɨ́k.. LING: *Kárrínyítò ntaré lopény.'I am returning these goats to the owner.' (SN sl 50.039).

a-rrinyú(n) To return toward the pt. of reference. Nkíné natirrínyuakɨ́ aná. [nàtìríɲwàkɪ́] This is the goat which was restored.

a-rrinyúnyé To return. Syn: a-shúk ‘To return’.

a-rrinyúnyé [North]: rriny‹. [Chamus]: rinyʉ́. v. v. To return. Káshɔ́mɔ̀ Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀ nárrinyúnyè. I went to Nairobi and returned. (SN).

See: a-shukunyé ‘To return’.

a-rrɨ́sh v. 1 • To be tight; hold firmly; grasp. Kɛ́rrɨsh ɛnkɛ́ɛ̀nɛ̀ The strap is tight. Ɨ́ntɨrrɨshá! Make it tight.

2 • To ambush.

a-ɨtɨrrɨ́sh 1 • To fasten.

2 • To keep on urging; push for sth.

a-ɨtɨrrɨshakɨ́ To compel; push s.o to do sth. See: a-rrúɛ́sh ‘To tie up’.

a-rrúɛ́sh Variant: a-rrúásh; a-rrɨ́sh. v.prog. 1 • To trip; make something fall down, entangle, trap. Árrúɛ́́shɨ́tà. I am tripping it. (Pk). Áatarruɛshâ ɛnkɛ́ɛnɛ́. The strap tripped me. (Pk). Kéyíólò alɛ́ tʉ́ŋání atɛrrúɛ́shà ŋúésì. This man knows how to trap wild animals. (SN).

Árrúésh ɛnkɨ́tɛ́ŋ napé. I will tie the legs of the hostile cow. (e.g. so that it can be milked). (Pk).

a-rruɛshá To be triped, blocked. Árrúéshà. I am tripped/blocked (e.g. so that I cannot do what I want). (Pk). Ɛ́tárrúéshákɨ̀ ɔlpayíán peê mérík enkitók ɛnyɛ́. The man is blocked so he cannot marry his woman.

a-rrueshishó To stumble. Míntókì arrueshishó. Stop stumbling.

a-rrugó v. To bend over. Syn: a-gʉrrʉmá ‘To bend over’. See: a-irrúg ‘To bend’; ɛ-rrʉ́k ‘Hump’.

a-rrúm v. To push. Árrúmóò táatá. I will push it today. Átúrrúmoyie. I pushed it.

a-rrumoó To push. See: a-húm ‘To push’; a-rúm ‘To poke’.

a-saarí v. To move slowly and carefully. See: a-ság ‘To move slowly and carefully’.

a-ság v. To move slowly and carefully. See: a-saarí ‘To move slowly and carefully’.

a-saganyá [North] v. 1 • [North] To squat.

2 • [North] To be in the late months of pregnancy. See: a-ɨsaganyá ‘To squat’; a-ɨgaanyá ‘To squat’; a-ɨgʉtʉmá ‘To squat’.

a-sár v.prog. To snatch (esp. food). Ɛsárɨ́tà ɛnkáyíóní ɛndáà peê èìpìrrì aɨnɛpʉ́ inkíshú èìtù ɛbayá oreyíét. The boy is eating food quickly so he can run to catch the cows before they reach the river. (W).

a-siekú v. To hurry up. Ɛgɨ́rà náají Kuntáì ɔ́ Síkɔ́ɨ́ áàsìèkù. Kuntáì and Sɨ́kɔ́ɨ́ are hurrying up. (Pk).

a-siooyó v. To be early, arrive early. Káyieu náɨ́sarrɨ́sàrr peê aló asiooyó. I want to walk fast so that I can arrive earlier. (Pk).

a-sɨsɨ́n v. To press on sth.

a-sʉ́j v.prog tr. v.prog tr. To follow closely after s.o. who is moving. Ɛ́sʉ́j. He followed it. Ɛ́tʉ́sʉ́já. She followed him. Ɛtʉ́sʉ́já. She followed him. Míkíntókì asʉ́j amʉ̂ káshúkúnyìè tanákatá. Stop following me because I will return back very soon. Kɛ́gɨ́rà iláyìòk áàsʉ̀jàà ɛldɛ̂ payíán. The boys are following that man away. Ásʉ́jʉ́ tááisérè alotú áŋ. I will follow [s.o.?] hither to home. (Pk). Ɛtʉ́sʉ́já Kónené inkíshú oreyíét. Konene has followed the cows to the river. Syn: a-irukurukoré ‘To follow’. See: a-tubaké ‘To follow’; a-ɨjɨpaá ‘To follow’.

2 • v.prog tr. To be ordered subsequent to in sequence. Káátà ɔlpɛ́tɛ̀ tɔlkímojínò ɔ́sʉ̀jɨ̀tà ɛnkɨ́lintâ áí. I have a ring on the finger that follows the small finger. Esʉjákíno. They follow each other (e.g. in birth order). (W). Jumáà oshî násʉ̀jɨ̀tà Jumamósì. It is a Friday that follows a Saturday. (Pk). LING: Note that Jumamósì is metaphorically viewed as leading the way. Usage: See usage note at a-ɨbʉ́ŋ 'to catch'.

a-sʉjaá To go after s.o. quite far away with intent to catch up. Ɛgɨ́rà asʉjaá aɨŋʉraá tɛnáà kéyíólou ajó káɨ́nyɔɔ doí peê ɛtaasá ɨ́nâ. He is following him so that he can find out why he did that. LING: sl (SN) recognizes this term but says it is not commonly used. See: a-rʉbarɛ́ ‘To walk with’.

a-sʉjarɛ́ v. 1 • To swim.

2 • To follow someone out of a hidden or cynical motive. Ɛgɨ́rà asʉjarɛ́ aɨŋʉraá tanáà kéyíólou ajó inyɔ́ɔ́ doí peê ɛtaasá ɨ́nâ. [ɛ̀tààsá ɪ̀nà] He is following him so that he can find out why he did that. (Pk). See: a-ár ɛŋkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-isompira ‘To swim’; a-pór ɛŋkárɛ́ ‘To swim’; a-lɔ́p (ɛŋkárɛ́) ‘To swim’.

a-sʉlʉ́ To bring, take, knock sth. down. Ɛ́ntʉsʉlʉ́ adé inkíshú peê epúóí áàùd osintánò. Bring the cows down (from some upper ground) so they can be vaccinated. (Pk). Ɛ́gɨ́ráɨ́ áàsʉlʉ̀ ɨsagáràràm peê ɛ́nyá intárè. Fruits are being knocked down so the sheep and goats can eat. (Pk).

a-sʉlakinó To fall into sth. Tódùàà aké mɨ́sʉlakínó atúá engúmótó. Take care lest you fall into a hole. (Pk).

a-sʉlʉnyɛ́ To fall from (up high). Ɛsʉlʉ́nyɛ̀. It will fall from it (e.g. a tree). Ɛsʉ́lʉ́nyɛ̀. It will fall from it (e.g. a tree). (W). Ɛgɨ́rà inkáyìòk áàsʉ̀lʉ̀nyɛ̀ tɔ̀ lcánì. The boys are falling from a tree. (Pk). aɛnaá ilkúkúrtòk tɔ̀ ldɨ́rɛ̀tà peê mɛ́sʉ́lʉ́nyɛ̀ To tie the calabashes on the pack saddles to stop them from falling (Pk).

a-sʉlarí To fall off. Tódùàà taá mɨ́sʉlárì amʉ̂ kéúrórì ɨ̀nà mártî. Take care so that you don't fall, because that cliff is weak. (Pk). See: a-batata ‘To fall’; a-itɛrrɛ́ ‘To fall’; a-urorí ‘To fall’.

a-shé v.prog. 1 • To spread a fresh skin or hide using pegs. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàshè olconí lɔ́ ɔladúóó kɨ́tɛ́ŋ. [lɔ́làdúóó kɪ̀tɛ̀ŋ] The hide of the ox that was slaughtered early today is being spread using stick pegs. (Pk). Áshétò. She spreads it (a skin) out. (W).

2 • To lift up, put upright.

3 • To perpetuate sth., typically negative or evil. Óyíeè, émintókì áàshè enkárúóíshò. Men! Stop perpetuating something evil! (Pk). See: a-ɨtashé ‘To make stand; stop’; a-sheikí ‘To straighten up on’; a-lɔ́ ‘To spread (e.g. clothes to dry in the sun)’.

a-shɛ́p v. 1 • Traverse; walk alongside. Ɛ́ɨ́lɛ́pá ɔlŋɔ́jɨ̀nɛ̀ ashɛ́p oreyíét. The hyena has gone up the ravine.

2 • Pursue s.o. with an intention of distracting or obtaining an objective. Usage: metaphorical. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlmʉrraní ashɛ́p ɔlɨkâɨ̂ aorú entíto The warrior is opposing the other one to refuse him to get married to a girl. See: ɔl-ashɛpánì ‘Pursuer’.

a-shɨlaá v. To take sth. along with one. See: a-shɔrɔɔ́ ‘To carry off’.

áà-shɔ̀m v.pf. To go, Subjunctive. peê kítûm áàshɔ̀m so that we can go. See: a-ló ‘To go’; shɔ́mɔ̀ ‘Go!’.

shɔ́mɔ̀ v. 1 • Singular perfective form of lo(t) 'go to, go'. Tone varies depending on subject: Áshɔ̀mɔ̀. I went. Ɨ́shɔ̀mɔ̀. You (sg) went. Ɛshɔmɔ́ He went. Kɨ́shɔmɔ̂. We went. Ɨ́shɔ́mɔ̂. You (pl) went. Ɛshɔmɔ̂ ɨlabaák. The healers left. (W). Ɛshɔmɔ́ inkíshù árè ɛmpárɛ̂t kákè mayíólò ajó àà taá nabô náshɔmɔ́ atúá olêŋ. Two cows have gone to the shamba, but I don't know which one has gone way inside (the garden). (W). kʉndâ ólòŋì oŋwán naáshɔmɔ̂ recently four days ago (lit: those days four that have gone).

2 • Singular imperative form of 'go'. Shɔ́mɔ̀ bɔɔ́ Go outside! (Pk). Shɔ́mɔ̀ ɔldɨrɨ́shà. Go to the window. (W).

3 • To have died. LING: This sense is specific to the perfective form of 'go'. Kɛ́shɔ́mɔ̀. He has died. (S).

4 • To be over with, have passed, no longer in effect. Ɛpɔ́kɨ́tà ɔlcátá láátuunó ɔlápà ɔshɔmɔ́. The tree that I planted last month is reviving. (W).

ɛ́n-chɔ̀m Plural imperative of 'go'; 'You all) go!'. Ɛ́ncɔ̀m ɛ́nyaakɨ́ kʉlɛ́. You all go and bring (me) milk. See: a-ló(t) ‘To go to’.

a-shɔrɔɔ́ v. 1 • To carry off. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkárɛ́ ɔ́ɔnkʉ́tà ashɔrɔɔ́ isúùt. The run-off is carrying off the rubbish. (Pk).

2 • To brush against. Míkíntókì taá doí ashɔrɔɔ́ tɛnílò. Stop brushing against me as you go. (Pk).

a-shɔrʉ́ To bring, carry toward point of reference. Ɨ́ncɔrʉ́! Bring it! (W). See: a-shɨlaá ‘To take along with’.

a-shoroyiokí v. To go off to sth. Ashê olêŋ kɨ́tɛ́rɛ́wáká ɛlɛ̂ áshê otoshoróyìòkì. Thank you for bringing me this calf that went with other people's cows. (Pk).

a-shúk Variant: a-cúk. v. 1 • To return sth; bring back. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkáyíóní ashúk ɔláshê. The boy is returning a calf. (Pk). Etúshúkò oláshè. He returned the calf. (W). Átúshúkò nkɛ́ràì. I have sent the child back. (SN). Etúshúkúnyè. The boy returned. (W). Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áàshùk ɨlashɔ́ ɔlálɛ́. The calves are being returned to their fold. (Pk).

2 • To bend (roofing sticks in constructing a house). Néshuki ɛnkají. The house is roofed (permanently). (Pk -W). Ɛgɨ́rà intásatí áàshùk ɛnkají. The women are making the house roof. (lit: The women are bending the house.) (Pk). Ɛgɨ́raɨ áàshùk ɨlɔ́ɔ̀m lɛ̀ nkají. The rafters of the roof are being bent. (Pk).

3 • To bend sth. flexible that will stay in the bent position.

a-shukokí To return sth. to s.o. Ashê ɔlɛ̂ŋ tɛ̀ nkárakɨ́ ɔlapá áshê líkítúshúkóko. Thank you very much for the straying calf that you have returned to me. (Pk). Ekéjo peê ashukokí ɛnapá pálai. He seems to want to return the letter to me.

a-shukoó To return sth. towards a place away from the point of reference. Ágɨ́rà ashukoó ɛldɛ̂ áshê mɛshɔ́mɔ̀ ɔlkɛjʉ́. I am returning that calf towards the river. (Pk).

a-shukú(n) 1 • To return sth. hither. Ɛnashê sápʉ̀k kíshukú tɛ̀ nkárakɨ́ ɛrámátàtà nɨncɔɔ̂ iyíóók kʉnâ ɔ́lɔ̀ŋɨ̀ pɔɔkɨ́. We are giving our great gratitude to you for having taken care of us all these days. (Pk). Ɛ́gɨ́rà ɔláígúɛ́nání ashukú ɨ́nâ báɛ̀ peê épôô emúrûâ áàìgùànàrɛ̀. The chief has referred (returned) that issue so that it can be dealt with by the people of the area. (Pk).

2 • To bend sth. hither. Ɛ́gɨ́rà ɛndá áyíóní ashukú ɔlŋɔ́sɨ́lá lɔ́ lchaní. That boy is bending a branch of a tree (to this side).

a-shukó v.mid. To return.

a-shukunyé To return hither, towards point of reference (intrans). Ágɨ́rà ashukunyé alotú áŋ. I am returning back home. (Pk). LING: [alotú ! áŋ]. Ɛátà ɨnâ kɛráí ɛlʉ́kʉnyá amʉ̂ eipírrio sokónì néshukúnyè ɛ́ɨ́tʉ̂ élô aɨmalɨmál. That child is responsible because she ran to the market and returned without going to goof off. LING: [ɛ̀ɨ̀tʉ̀ èlò].

a-shukorí v. To return thither (away from the point of reference) (intrans). Ágɨ́rà ashukorí aló áŋ. I am returning home. (Pk). LING: [aló ! áŋ]. Syn: a-rríny ‘To return’. See: a-cúk ‘To bend, return’; a-kɔrɨ́ny ‘To bend’; a-irrúg ‘To bend down’; a-olól ‘To bend’.

a-shukoó To return sth. towards a place away from the point of reference. Ágɨ́rà ashukoó ɛldɛ̂ áshê mɛshɔ́mɔ̀ ɔlkɛjʉ́. I am returning that calf towards the river. (Pk).

2 • To bend sth. hither. Ɛ́gɨ́rà ɛndá áyíóní ashukú ɔlŋɔ́sɨ́lá lɔ́ lchaní. That boy is bending a branch of a tree (to this side).

áà-shʉ̀là v.mid.pl. To get together, be together. Képuonú táatá ɨlámàlà pɔɔkɨ́ áàshʉ̀là. All the ceremonial grouping will get together today. Kɛ́átà apá ɨnkatítìn nɨ́shʉ́lálà ó lpurkó? Was there a time when you lived together with IlPurko?

a-shʉtarí v. 1 • To leap away. Ɛtʉshʉtárì doí nɨ́nyɛ̀ ɨlɔ̂ ashé aɨŋataá ɨlkʉlîê. That calf has leapt away ahead of others. (Pk).

2 • To fall out of a sheath or socket. Tádùàà aké mɛ́shʉtárì ɔlalɛ́m tɛ̀ ncáshûr. Take care lest that sword fall out of the sheath. (Pk).

3 • To gain or lose weight. See: a-pukú ‘To emerge’.

a-tɛ́j v. To swell. Káatɛjá nkáíná. My arm is swelling. (S). Káaɨdɨ́m nkainá náají táísèrè. I think my arm can swell tomorrow. (S). See: a-ilubulub ‘To blister’.

a-tɔ́n v.prog. 1 • v.prog. To sit, sit down. Átɔ́nɨ́tà. I am sitting. Ɨ́tɔ́nɨ́tà. You are sitting. Ɛtɔ́nɨ́tà. He is sitting. Kɨ́tɔnɨ́. We are sitting. Ɨ́tɔ́nɨ́nɨ̀. Y'all are sitting. Ɛtɔ́nɨ. They are sitting. Tɔ́tɔ̀nàǃ Sit downǃ. Ímpirríó tɔ́tɔ̀nàǃ Run and sit! Ɛtɔ́nɨ ɨlpáyɨaní. The men will sit. Ɛtɔ́nɨ ɨnkɛ́râ pɔɔkɨ́ tì áúlùò. All the children are sitting outside the homestead. Ɛtɔ́nɨ ɨlŋátùnyò tɔɔ́ nkʉjɨ́t. Lions are sitting down on the grass. (W). Imetumókì ɛná áyíóní atɔtɔ́nà aɨtɔbɨ́rakɨ amʉ̂ ɛ́tɨ́jɨ́ŋá ɔldʉ́tʉtáì oltúlì. This boy cannot sit well because he has a boil on his buttock. Órè ɛndáma ɔ́ ɛnkɛwaríé pɔɔkɨ́ kɛ́tɔnɨtà aké. Day and night he has just been sitting. Átɔ́nɨ́tà tɔ lóríka. I am sitting on a chair.

2 • v.prog. To stay in a place, wait. Ɛ́tɔ́tɔ́ná. He stayed / sat down. Ɛtɔ́tɔ́ná. He stayed / sat down. (W). Ɛ́tɔ́n nɨ́nyɛ̀ ɛnâ kínè tì âŋ. This goat will stay at home. (Pk). Órè aké peê ɨ́ndɨ̀p ɨ́nâ, nílo atɔ́n. Néjî, etoîshe ɛnapâ tɔmɔnɔnɨ́... When you finish that, you go and wait. And (when) it is reported that the woman has given birth...

3 • v.aux. To remain in a condition; continue, keep on, remain. LING: As an auxiliary verb, ɛ́tɔ́n is invariant for person. Ɛ́tɔ́n doí aké èshàl ɨnkɨ́lání amʉ̂ ɛnaisujíékì. The clothes are still wet because they were washed recently. (Pk). Ɛ́tɔ́n áâ entíto ɛnâ kɛráí. That child is still a girl. Ɛ́tɔ́n doí mɛ́ɨ́shɔ́ ɛncalán é tómónìshò ɨnâ kitók epukú tiájì. The weakness of the postpartum stage does not allow that woman to come out of the house. (Pk). Ɛtɔ́tɔ́ná dúóó ɛngárɨ́ auló ɔmɛtʉ́pʉkʉ́ tɛ̀ nkoitóí. The vehicle kept swerving until it was out of the road. (Pk). Nɛ́tɔ̀n ɛnapá kɛráí abʉlʉ́. The child will continue to grow [while waiting to be married]. Míntókì atɔ́n ayiaŋiyíáŋ tólimú dúóó ɛnɨ́átà. Stop continuing to rave and say exactly what you have to say. (Pk). Míkíntóki aipukíé amʉ̂ ɛ́tɔ́n aátà esíáàì. Stop hurrying because I still have work to do. (Pk).

4 • v.aux. To delay. . See: a-lɛkʉ́ ‘To remain’; a-w(ú)ón ‘To remain’; ɛ́tɔ́n ‘Still, (not) yet’.

a-toníé v. 1 • To sit on.

2 • To impregnate (of a male animal). See: a-tɔ́n ‘To sit’.

a-tubaké v. To follow. See: a-sʉ́j ‘To follow’; a-írúkúrúkòrè ‘To follow’; a-ɨjɨpaá ‘To follow’; a-dʉpakɛ́ ‘To follow’.

a-túm₂ PF: a-notó. PF: a-tumó. v. 1 • v. To meet, find, get. Népùò nétumi ɨlaŋeni. They went and met wisemen. Áàtùmò They are meeting. Képúó dúóó áàtùmò tɨ̀ ɔŋatá. They were going to meet. (Pk). Áshɔ́mɔ̀ dúóó atumoré olaigúánànì tɛ̀ nkâŋ ɛ́nyɛ̀. I went to meet the chief in his home. (Pk). Kátum ráshé. I will find a piece of cowhide. (SN). Nítum ɛntɔ́mɔ́nɔ́nɨ̀ natabáyìè nanʉ́tà You (will) find a woman who is pregnant. Ɛ́kɨ́gɨrá oshî táatá atúm ɛncán aɨtɔbɨrakɨ́. Nowdays we are getting rain regularly. (Pk). Nétùm ɨnkɛ́râ (taábu) esúmàsh sápʉ̀k. The children were very hungry. Kɨ́shɔmɔ́ entúmò áàyɨ̀ɨ̀màkɨ̀ enekinkô tenékìtùm iropiyianí. We went to the meeting to discuss how we will get the funds. (W). Áísídáí karsísìshò tɛ̀ nétùm ɔltʉ́ŋání supát. Wealth is very good if possessed by a good-hearted (generous) person. (Pk).

2 • v. To join two people in a marriage ceremony. LING: The perfect is irregular a-notó for PK, and irregular a-tumó for SN, but *kátútúmò for sl. Ɛtabáúá ɔlárî peê méítokiní áàpùò áàòk incoó tɔɔ́ lkɛ̀jɛ̀k, amʉ̂ ɛnótokí ɛnkárɛ́ narúkò. The rainy season has come so the cattle will not be taken to wells, because flowing water has been found. (Pk).

3 • v.aux+subjn-infinitive. To get an opportunity to. Ítúm atoósho ɔlɛ́ɛ̀ You will get to hit the man. LING: The perfect is irregular a-notó for PK, and irregular a-tumó for SN. LING: *kátútúmò for sl.

a-itutúm To join, connect (e.g. putting together a pen and its cap, two bones coming together). ɨŋɔnyɔ́ naáítutûm intíkàn osésèn pɔɔkɨ́ the veins that connect the lymph nodes to the rest of the body (W).

á-àtùmò To meet (plural). See: a-tumoré ‘To meet’; a-ŋamaá ‘To get’.

a-tuŋua(r) v. To leave. Mátuŋúáí ɛnâ cocóróí amʉ̂ kɛ́ɛ́tà oróréí olêŋ. Let us leave this "bee-heaver" (person who talks so much) because he talks a lot. (Pk). See: a-ituŋuaá ‘To leave behind’.

a-ɨjɨpaá Variant: a-ujipaa. v. To follow something that is moving, or stationary but ahead; (e.g.tracking an animal, spying out the enemy, following s.o. who is several kilometers ahead); the follower might or might not be able to see the person/animal being followed. See: a-sʉ́j ‘To follow’; a-írúkúrúkòrè ‘To follow’; a-tubake ‘To follow’.

a-uló v. 1 • To swerve; be unstable. Ɛtɔ́tɔ́ná dúóó ɛngárɨ́ auló ɔmɛtʉ́pʉkʉ́ tɛ̀ nkoitóí. The vehicle kept swerving until it was out of the road. (Pk).

2 • To go all over the place. Míntókì doí auló aló endê, níló endê; shɔ́mɔ̀ dúóó tɔ́tɔ̀nà tɛ̀ wúéjì nébo. Stop going there, and then there; go and stay in one place. (Pk). See: a-iuló ‘To be unstable’.

a-ʉmʉnyɛ́ v. 1 • To come in forcefully (e.g. as when many people push into a house). Ɛgɨ́rà ɨltʉŋaná áàʉmʉ̀nyɛ̀ atúà ají. People are coming into the house forcefully. (Pk).

2 • To fall down, as from a seat.

a-úr v.prog. 1 • To cut sth. down; make sth. fall or slide down. áúrítò ɔlcatá. I am felling a log. (Pk). Kéúr ɛnkárɛ̀ ɛmártì. Water will make the cliff slide/fall down,

2 • To bend sth. over; droop. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkɨ́tɛ̀ŋ námùèì aúr enkíòk. The sick cow is drooping the ear.

3 • [North] To change direction.

4 • [North] To listen.

a-uroó To cut down, push down. Ágɨ́rà auroó ɔlcatá. I am cutting/pushing a log down. (Pk).

a-urú To pull down, cut down towards self. Ágɨ́rà aurú ɔlcatá. I am pulling down a log. (Pk).

a-urunyé To fall down this way.

a-uró v.mid. 1 • To lean or fall over. Tódùàà taá mɨ́sʉlárì amʉ̂ kéúrórì ɨ̀nà mártî. Take care so that you don't fall, because that cliff will fall over (i.e. it is weak) (Pk).

2 • To fall down (of house, etc). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkájì auró. The house is falling down. (Pk).

a-urorí To fall down. Tódùàà taá mɨ́sʉlárì amʉ̂ kéúrórì ɨ̀nà mártî. Take care so that you don't fall, because that cliff will fall over (i.e. it is weak). (Pk). Nɛ́ɨ́kɨrɨ́kɨ́rá ɛnkɔ́p olêŋ o mɛtáa kéjó enkáji áúrori. The earth shook very much until the house is about to fall. Etuurórì télepéshèn. The television fell down. Etúúrórì ɛldɛ́ shɛ́tá tɛ̀ nkárakɛ́ ɛtamórùà. That tree has fallen because it has become old. (W).

a-urokinó To fall, lean over onto.

a-urokinó nk-ájì [North] To loose a wife in death. See: a-roó ‘To make it fall down’; a-batát ‘To fall down’; a-rriá ‘To fall down’. A-batatá indicates falling down while one is doing something else or accidental, e.g. a car involved in an accident; a-urorí indicates falling down when one is in a normal upright position, e.g. fainting.

2 • To fall down (of house, etc). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkájì auró. The house is falling down. (Pk).

a-uró(r) v. 1 • To lean or fall over. Tódùàà taá mɨ́sʉlárì amʉ̂ kéúrórì ɨ̀nà mártî. Take care so that you don't fall, because that cliff will fall over (i.e., it is weak) (Pk).

2 • To fall (of house, etc). Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkájì auró. The house is falling down. (Pk). See: a-úr ‘To make fall’.

a-urokinó v.mid. 1 • To fall on, lean on or over sth. Ɛ́kɨ́gɨ́rà taá doí ɨnâ perɛ́ aurokinó. That spear is falling on you. (Pk). Míkíntókì aurokínó amʉ̂ atanauré sií nanʉ́. Stop leaning on me because I am also tired. (Pk). See: a-úr ‘To cut sth. down’.

a-urorí v.mid. To fall (of sth. that is normally upright). Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlcátá aurorí. The log is falling down. (Pk). Nɛ́ɨ́kɨrɨ́kɨ́rá ɛnkɔ̂p olêŋ o mɛtáà kéjó enkájì áúrórì. The earth shook very much until the house is about to fall. Eturórì télepéshèn. The television fell down. See: a-úr ‘To fell’; a-batát ‘To fell, make fall down’; a-itɛrrɛ́ ‘To fall from fainting’; a-sʉlarí ‘To fall off’.

a-urunyé v.mid. To fall down "this way", towards the point of reference. Ɛ́ntɔ̀dɔ̀l doí ɔlcatá amʉ̂ ɛgɨ́rà aurunyé. Watch out for the log, because it is falling this way (towards the speaker's side). (Pk). See: a-úr ‘To fell’.

a-ʉtʉ́ v. To direct towards point of reference. Ágɨ́rà aʉtʉ́ ɨ̀nɛ̀ nitií. I am directing him to where you are. (Pk).

a-wúón [North] [North]: a-wúɛ́n. v.prog. 1 • [North] To sit down. Átówúɛ́nà tò lóríkà. I sat down on the chair. (S).

2 • [North] To lie down on one's back.

a-wueníé 1 • To sit on, sit down using (something).

2 • To overeat until one is not able to move. See: a-lɛkʉ́ ‘To remain’; a-tɔ́n ‘To remain, sit’.

a-yá(r)₂ v.prog. 1 • To move sth. from one location to another; carry, take. Nɛ́yá inkíshú ɛnyɛ̂ ó isirkôn. He took their cows and donkeys (i.e. for his own posession). Ɛ́yá enkítòk ɛndáà ɛmányátá. The woman takes food to the warrior village. ayá ɛndáà áŋ To carry food home (Pk). ayá ɛnkárɛ́ ají To carry water to the house (Pk). Ɛyákɨ ɔlpáyìàn ɨnkɛ́rà ɛndáà. The man will take food to/for the children. Ɛyákakɨ́ dúóó inkíshú embolíêî námɛ̂j. The cows were brought to the salt-lick (for licking). (Pk). Ɛyáwua ŋolé nɨ́nɨ̂ oltulét olóítò ailísh aɨtaá enkúkúrí. Yesterday my mother brought a gourd in its natural state so as to make a usable gourd out of it. (Pk). Ɨ́yaʉ́! Bring it! (W).

2 • To marry (of a man). Áayá ɔlpáyìàn. The man will marry me. (lit: The man will take me.). LING: Sense 2 requires a man as the subject, and a woman as the object.

3 • To steal. Ɛ́yá ɨlmʉ́rrán inkíshú oó l-Kokóyò. The warriors will steal cows of (from) the Kikuyu.

4 • To ache. Káayá ɔlálàɨ̀ olêŋ. My tooth hurts a lot. (lit: The tooth carries me a lot.).

4 • To cause to die. Kɛ́yáɨ́tà oltíkáná ɨltʉ́ŋáná olêŋ tɔɔ́ nkuapí ɔlɔ́ɔrɔ́ɔ́k. Malaria is killing a lot of people in Africa. (lit: ... in the countries that are black). (Pk). LING: Evidence that the root /ya/ 'to take' has an old final /r/ comes from forms like ɛ-yároyú 'It is able to be taken away by use of force', and the nominalization ɛ-yárúnotó 'captive, booty'. However, no /r/ surfaces in the passive, motion-towards, or other formations that usually trigger surfacing of old final consonants. LING: In the following example, what is the first /k/? Is it evidence of a root-final /k/? ɛ́yakákɨ̀ ɛnkɨkɛ́ ɔ́ lmɨ́shɨ́rɛ́. 'Go and bring me a brush from metal.'. LING: The perfective of /ya/ 'take, marry, steal' is the suppletive root -wa.

LING: If Goal is animate, ya may take the Dative suffix. If Goal is inanimate, no Dative suffix occurs.

a-yá ɛnkárɛ̀ To drown; be carried by water.

a-yáɨ́ To be taken away. Ɛyáɨ́ ɨntáɨ́ osérò. You will all be taken/carried away to the bush.

a-yakɨ́ To take to, carry to, bring to. Kááyákɨ ɛ́nadúóó tókì níkítíákà. I will bring you the thing you told me.

a-yaʉ́ To bring. Nɨ́kɨ̀yàʉ̀ aké tɛ̀ síàŋàù. We will bring them in a calabash. Órè ɨsɨŋát ɔɔ́ ntarɛ́ náà ɛyáʉ̀ olkúlùp. The sneezes of the sheep+goats bring mucous. (W).

a-yayú To be able to be taken away by force. Ɛ́táá doí kɛ́yáyu amʉ̂ ɨmɛɨshɔrʉ́nɨ tɛ̀ sidáí. It is now takable by force because it can not be given out in a good manner. See: a-yároyú ‘Able to be taken away by force’; -wa ‘Take (perfective)’; a-náp ‘To carry’.

a-yagaá v. To subside, decrease, go down, abate. See: a-yág ‘To pause’.

a-yagɨyág v. 1 • To move leisurely. Ɨ́yágɨ́yágʉ̀gʉ̀. You all come leisurely this way.

2 • To bob one's head as one walks, like a bird. Tápàlà ɛnkɨ́yágɨ́yàg, shɔ́mɔ̀ tɔ́tɔ̀nà ɨ́ntɔbɨrakɨ́. Stop bobbing your head as you walk, go and sit well. (Pk). See: a-yág ‘To pause’.

yárotó [North] v. [North] To go for sth. that one has been promised. See: a-yá ‘To take’.

ɛ-yárúnotó₂ n. Taking towards, beating towards, pushing towards. Tápàlà doí ɛnâ yárúnotó inó náâ ɛnâ áló aké ílótú. Stop your pushing towards me ...

a-yaʉ́ [North]: a-yao. v. To bring. Káló ayaʉ́ ɛnkáɨ́ amʉ́kɛ̀ amʉ̂ nɛ́ná ɛnkáɨ́. I am going to get the other shoe because one is here. (Pk). Shɔ́mɔ̀ íyaʉ́ olkídóŋét máídoŋó ilmerégeshi. Go and bring the burdizzo so that we (can) castrate the rams. (Pk). See: a-yá ‘To take’.

a-yayíé In some suffixed forms: a-yayíék. v. 1 • To carry with. Káyayie ɛlɛ̂ bɛ́nɛ́ ɛnâ dáà. I will carry this food in this bag. (Pk).

2 • To include. Kɛ́nárɛ́ nɛ́yayíékì ɛnâ kɨlâ inkulîê. It is better to include this cloth in with the others.

3 • To take from.

a-yekú v.prog. To come early. Táyekú́ peê kíyôk. Come early so that we can go early. (Pk). See: a-yók ‘To go early’.

a-yewuo v.pf. Variant of -ewuo, perfect/perfective verb root for 'come'. Áyéwùò ayíé olkér láló ayɨ́ɛ́ŋ. I have come to get a castrated ram from him to slaughter. (Pk). Eyéwùò oltúlèt tɔ́rrɔnɔ̂ ɛnkɔ́p lɛ́mɛ́yányìt inkɛ́râ intóiwúó. A bad generation has come to the world where children do not respect parents. (Pk). See: a-lotú ‘To come’.

a-yɨ́m v.prog. To pass through. See: a-ɨ́m ‘To pass through’.

a-yók v.prog. To go early in the morning. Most typically this verb implies leaving the house, going out of the house, early in the morning. Káyok aló sukúùl. I will go early in the morning to school. Néyòk aár ɨlkʉlɨ́kaɨ. Very early in the morning he went to fight the others. LING: The preceding example implies that he indeed found the others; it cannot be followed by'but he did not find them'. Ɛ́táyóó ajó áár ɨlkʉlɨ́kaɨ nɛ́ɨ́tʉ̀ ɛ́ɨ́nɛ́pɨ̀. He went early in the morning and attempted to fight the others but did not find them. Éyókítò sukúùl. He is going early in the morning to school. (W). Eyókíyókítò. He continuously goes early in the morning, every morning. (W). Átáyòò. I have gone early. Ɛ́táyóó. He/she has gone early. Táyòò! Go early! Ɛnâ taá ɛntɔnatá ɔ́ɔ lɔmɔ́n ncɛ́rɛ̀ mátayookinotó tenê. This is the conclusion of the conversation, that we meet in the morning right here. (Pk). See: a-yookí ‘To go somewhere early’.

-yoo v.pf. Perfect(ive) and subjunctive form of a-yók; to have gone early. LING: The regular phonological rule deleting /k/ between o -- o and between a -- a accounts for the surface form yoo. See: a-yók ‘To go early’.

a-yookí v v.aux+simple-infinitive. do.early.

1 • To go to a specific place early in the morning. Táyookókì peê kípúó. Get to me very early in the morning so that we can go. (Pk). Áyóókì Naɨrɔ́bɨ̀. I will get to Nairobi very early in the morning. Áyóókì ɔ́lɛ̂ Sánkàn. I will get to Ole Sankan very early in the morning. Eyoókini ɔ́lɛ̂ Sánkàn. Ole Sankan will be reached early in the morning. Eyookíno inkítùààk. Women will visit each other in the morning.

2 • To do sth. early in the morning. Néyookí aár ɨlkʉlɨ́kaɨ. Very early in the morning he fought the others. Ɛtayoóko aár ɨlkʉlɨ́kaɨ He went early in the morning to fight the others Early in the morning he fought the others. Ɛtayoóko ajó áár ɨlkʉlɨ́kaɨ nɛ́ɨ́tʉ̀ ɛ́ɨ́nɛ́pɨ̀ He attempted to fight the others in the morning but did not find them He attempted to go early in the morning and fight the others but did not find them. Káyóókì ɨ́nâ síáàì I will do that work in the morning. Eyoókini esíáàì Work will be done early in the morning.

LING: Apparently one cannot form the Middle from this Dative formation (*eyookino), underscoring its intransitive nature. See: a-yók ‘To go early to do something’.

a-yúk v.prog. To swing, wield, wave sth. Ɛgɨ́rà ɛnkáyíóní ayúk eŋúdì. The boy is swinging/wielding a stick. (Pk). Áyúkítò olosírì. I am swinging a rope. (W). Lɛ́ldɛ́ ɔltʉŋánì lɨ́kɨ́gɨ́rà ayúk ánàà ékíyíóló. There is someone waving at you as if he knows you. (Pk). Áyúkítò ɛnkáíná. I am waving. (W). In W, áyúkítò, without enkáíná following, is understood to mean 'I am swinging sth. (e.g. a club)'. The default meaning is not that one is waving one's own hand.

a-yutuyút [Purko] v. [Purko] To rub. See: a-utu'út ‘To grind’.

a-yíáp v.motion. 1 • To walk quickly on the balls of the feet, with the upper body tilted forward; walk springingly and hastily. Ɨ́ŋʉrá siî íyíé ɛldɛ̂ mʉ́rránì oyíáp ténélò. Look at that warrior who walks hastily and springingly. (Pk). This is usually done to get somewhere quickly, but sometimes a person will normally walk in this manner.

2 • [North] To walk away.

a-yiayá v. 1 • To go to where sth. is; approach. Káló ayiayá amʉ̂ ɨ́nâ aké enkoitóí níkitumoré. I will go where she is because that is the only way we can meet. (Pk).

2 • [North] To look for. See: a-ɨŋɔrʉ́ ‘To look for’; a-yíá ‘To resemble’.

a-yíét v. To stretch, pull. Míntókì ayíét ɛnkɨlâ amʉ̂ kérúóyò. Stop stretching the cloth because it will be spoiled. (Pk). Órè táatá íné wúéjî néyietu ɨ́nâ kɨ́páátá. And that stage pulls that initial ceremony.

a-yietaá To pull away. Ɛgɨ́rà osíkírìà ayiataá inkɨkʉ́. The donkey is pulling tree branches for fencing. (Pk).

a-yietú(n) To pull towards. Ɛgɨ́rà ɔlpáyìàn ayietú ɨnkɨkʉ́ áŋ. The man is pulling branches (of trees) for fencing the home. (Pk). See: a-ɨsɨɨ́d ‘To pull into line’; a-ɨkʉrtʉt ‘To drag’.