University of Oregon - Department of Architecture - ARCH 424/524 Cheng - Advanced Design Development Media

Why Architects need to know about the Web

by Prof. Nancy Cheng


The communication of spatial ideas is crucial for good design. Architects must be able to convey their proposals using the most effective means possible, which means being able to use computer aided means. The standards and protocols of the World Wide Web provide a mechanism for publishing all sorts of digital information to a wide audience, independent of the kind of computer platform. On the most simple level, familiarity with this new medium is essential for staying competitive in marketing architectural designs. But the potential for these interlinked computer networks to change our lives and our profession is much greater.

The Web's explosive popularity allows people from around the globe to be increasingly connected, allowing for new types of social, professional and recreational relationships. Partnering with trusted colleagues half a world away or directly consulting the most remote expert has become much easier. A home office connected to headquarters allows more time spent with family as well as transforming territorial office planning.

Extending the reach of the phone and facsimile, computer based telecommunications provide additional paths for communication such as live video-conferencing, shared application workspace as well as asynchronous (non-live) transfer of images, sound, video, 3D information. Those unable to use these tools will need to rely on intermediaries as the world splits between technology have and have-nots.

While those of working with machines realize that the awkward constraints and demands can counterbalance the promised advantages, we have the assurance that at least we are peeking at the possibilities of the new alternatives. Neither the printing press, the typewriter nor the personal computer killed pen and and paper, and something about the manual interface of the pencil exactly matches the needs of certain situations. Investigation of new tools is part of our quest is for the right tool at the right time*.

The excitement of this search comes from seeing that we can understand our work in new ways and that perhaps the work itself might become better as it changes. Software developers provide us with the raw methods; it is up to each discipline to find how these methods are best utilized for specific purposes. Designers are lucky to be in a world where the demand for visual sophistication is increasing. Architectural designers bring the particular three-dimensional understanding which will further increase in importance as spatial interfaces become more sophisticated.

How can Architects use the Internet's new technology?

Architects now have the option of working in the traditional world of built form or in the emerging sphere of imaginary space, also known as cyberspace. While the industry is driven by the need for a more addictive video game or a more realistic VR sex simulator, the same techniques for modeling, rendering, animating and interacting with forms in space can also be used for increasing understanding. From the explanation of transportation flows, to documenting anatomical processes, to the projection of urban zoning patterns, to the reconstruction of archeological sites: a huge range of subjects can be illuminated. The traditional skills of an architect in analyzing, describing and reshaping space and form are well suited for the multimedia industry, particularly in regards to the creation and communication of environments.

For those pursuing more traditional professional archectural careers, being able to assimilate new technologies for architectural practice is critically important. Computer technology makes it (almost) feasible to manage and coordinate the huge amount of information involved in the process of design and construction. In addition to visualization and document production tools, database and project management software provide a way to plan, monitor and correct resource and personnel allocations. After completion of the immense amount of information becomes a valuable commodity for facilities management. Since all of these processes involve working in teams, with specialization and joint ventures becoming increasingly common, clear communication is crucial. Whether within organzitions, as in the case of intranets or between locations, network groupware tools can facilitate collaborating on these complex documents.

What work has been done on this collaboration?

A series of academic experiments called the Virtual Design Studio preceded the use of teleconferencing in professional practice. In 1992, using equipment now seen as primitive, some former students of William Mitchell from Harvard experimented with using modems to work together on a sketch design. We used the 2400 baud modems to send e-mail messages and transfer CAD files to and from a common server computer which acted as a bulletin board. From this simple start, it was clear that working far away in different time zones could have interesting benefits. Because the information would wait patiently on the server, one could work on the project as suited an idiocyncratic personal schedule. In addition, for the early stages, ambiguity could profitably used for spawning new re-interpretations.

Subsequently, an annual series of student projects has been conducted using the latest avail.able technology to bridge the distance of space and time. These projects have allowed sharing of design methods, technical expertise and cultural differences.

Increasingly, we have been structuring the project to increase the amount and quality of exchange. In 93 and 94, each school had a design team which worked in parallel with the others. For 95, we arranged shotgun marriages across the distance, but due to scheduling problems, separate partis were already established. In 96, teams were arranged early, including both architectural students and some computer science grads so that roles would be more clear. In addition, the location of the project in Hong Kong split the designers into remote and local, with additional younger students acting as client penpals. A similar tactic was used in the fall of 1996 in a U of O sketch problem with UBC, where individually designed components were collaboratively used to synthesize new designs.

What makes a successful Internet collaboration?

Get personal: Trying to construct a working relationship from a distant location is very difficult as the current media creates a screening veil. While this obscuring quality can be good for focusing attention on the project rather than on extraneous personal factors, i t can be difficult. Therefore, in a local collaboration with our sister school in Hong Kong, we made sure to maximize the social exchange by having a face to face kick-off and wrap-up. In lieu of plane fare, pushing people to introduce themselves on the Net via photos, sound clips and descriptions of personal interests can stimulate interest.

How can I get started?

E-mail and Web browsing gives immediate contact with the Internet community and an almost infinite learning resource.

Web authoring: Creating documents for the Web can be as simple as word processing or as elaborate as your imagination will allow. Start with simple text and a digitized photo of something you care about. Plan how the information will be organized into nodes (nuggets of information) and links (individual connections between specific nuggets). Learning how to manipulate the text and photo and control their graphic appearance comes next.

For architects, becoming facile at drawing 2D lines and modeling 3D forms in CAD programs are very important. Analyzing and presenting the forms and spaces via rendering, animation and interactive 3D formats.

What is next?

The interfaces for designing can only improve, so that laborious input will decrease. Optimization of sketching tools which allow automatic links to previous ideas are already being in working prototypes. Qualities such as the tactility of modeling clay and the flexibility of spring steel will be incorporated into modeling tools. While currently expensive virtual reality equipment allow the simulation of visual, aural and tactile feedback, eventually whole rooms will be able to repond to our gestures.

If the current acceleration of technology holds, then even as these tools become more powerful and easier to use, they will also proliferate at a great pace. So, as we do today, we'll still have to find the right tool for a task, learn the specific aspect which we need and then move on. We'll naturally have to develop expertise at the tools which are most useful for our particular needs, but adeptness at finding the essential possibilities of a new tool will be the most the most valuable skill.


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edited Jan 7, 1996 by nywcheng