Paradox:   "while religion in the modern world continues to become ever more privatized, one is also witnessing simultaneously what appears to be a process of ‘deprivatization’ of religion."

1. liberal economistic model;
2. republican-virtue or classical approach;
3. social-historical, anthropological approach; and,
4. economic historians and feminists’ perspective

1. "classical/republican critiques";
2. republican virtue critiques; and,
3. feminist critiques.

Against those evolutionary theories which prefer to interpret what I call the "deprivatization" of modern religion as antimodern fundamentalist reactions to inevitable processes of modern differentiation, I argue that at least some forms of "public religion" may also be understood as counterfactual normative critiques of dominant historical trends [e.g., environmental destruction], in many respects similar to the classical, republican, and feminist critiques (43).