Week 5: Overheads shown in class

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National Advertising

Limits of newspapers:

Local medium, not national

Resistance by editors

Lack of coordination, standardization

Search for new medium: Magazines

Circulation of most popular quality magazines in 1887:

Century 222,000

Harper's 185,000

Atlantic 12,500

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Entrepreneurs

E.C. Allen

J. Walter Thompson

Cyrus Curtis

Louisa Knapp Curtis and the Ladies Home Journal

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Printing and "new media," 1880-1917

'Perfecting" presses for magazines, flyers

Faster, quality reproduction

Harder, glossy paper for impressions

"Creative" advertising

Albert Laker, "reason why"

Helen Lansdowne, brands

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Journalism as Reform

1880-1914

Political Independence

Proliferation of newspapers,

magazines, growing audiences

No one "formula" for news of

public affairs: Several

Journalism of Exposure:

The Sensationalism of Fact

New Journalism: Pulitzer, Hearst,

(Nominally Democratic)

Stunt Journalism: Nellie Bly

Investigative/Objective: Ida B. Wells, lynching

Muckraking moralists: Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens

Partisan

New York Sun (GOP)

Seattle Post-Intelligencer (GOP)

Portland Journal (Dems)

Portland Oregonian (GOP)

Advocacy/Suffrage: Woman's Journal

Realism in Book Fiction

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

Frank Norris, The Octopus

Progressive Themes

Moralism (Social Gospel)

Individual Responsibility

Public interest

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Progressive Period ideas about mass communication

Importance of public opinion to reform

Power of publicity to shape public opinion

Question whether advertising-supported newspapers and magazines will support reform without prompting by publicity tactics.

Search for better communication by reformers, government

Nineteenth-century users of publicity tactics: Railroads, show business

New users of publicity tactics in Progressive Period

Reformers

Corporations

Government, especially the presidency

Presidents Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson

First official White House press conferences (1913), founding of White House Correspondents Association

Creation of "Press Bureaus" in U.S. government agencies

1905, U.S.Forest Service. Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot. Press statements (early news releases)

1913 -- Congress outalws hiring of "publicity experts" by executive branch agencies. Not enforced; Agencies disguise publicity offices with other names, such as "information," "public affairs."

World War I

Publicity goes to war as "propaganda"

Committee on Public Information (1917-1919)