Section I: Systems Theory Lecture
I. Linear vs. Circular/nonlinear causality
Examples using a 3 personfamily interaction:Systems theories present a different way of thinking about events. Central
to this thinking is the distinction between linear and circular (or nonlinear causality).
- In the case of Linear causality:
- A --> B A is antecedent to or causes B
Or, more complicated examples:
- In the case of nonlinear causality:
- A <--> B A affects B just as B affects A, ( i.e., circular)
the longer A <--> B is in effect, the more both [AB] and C interact e.g.,
- the rate at which [A affects B] changes as [B affects A]
(A <--> B) <--> CII. Nature of systems
- Exponential changes are non-linear by definition
Systems are defined as
"A set of consistently interacting elements,
whereby the --
Elements are mutually interdependent, and the
Relationships among elements are highly patterned, such that
Changes in one element affects the status of all others."
III. Three Properties of systemsA. ORGANIZATIONWholeness or totalities
Consistencies of interactions reflect and form the organization of a
system;
Systems can be organized hierarchically
Repetitive rules of relating are patterns of organization
_______________________________________________________
We observe Mother, Father, Child, and count who is speaking to whom over a 15 min. interaction.Note: There are ONLY six possibilities for coding who speaks: to whom:
Only Possible Event Combinations 1 2 3 4 5 6 M->F F->M M->C F->C C->M C->F Now here is a sample data stream (i.e., the sequence of events.....M-F M-C C-M F-C C-M C-M M-C F-M C-M C-F C-M F-M M-C M-C.......
in real time)
( = 14 separate events recorded)Notice that we only coded who was speaking to whom, not what was talked about, nor anything else about the family (e.g., their ages, ethnicity, personalities, etc.).(1) M-F 2 2.33Now tabulate the frequency of occurrence of each of the 6 event possibilities.
Based on a random (chance) model, you would calculate the expected frequency for each code. Note -- "expected" here means that the 14 separate events should occur equally, divided among the 6 event possibilities ( i.e., 6/14 = 2.33)
Observed Expected
(2) F-M 2 2.33
(3) M-C …. 2.33
(4) F-C …. 2.33
(5) C-M …. 2.33
(6) C-F 1 2.33
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N = 14 13.98
If you make a histogram, with the 6 event possibilities as the X axis, and the expected frequency values on the Y axis, all bars would be the same height (i.e., 2.33).Now if you plot the observed frequencies (maroon bars, from the table above) on the same histogram (blue bars) you get the figure below:
_________________________________________________________________________What do you notice immediately about the two sets of bars?
How would you describe the PATTERN of interactions in this family?
What clues does it give you as to the structure of this system?Note: "Describe" means how it is; "explain" means how come it is.
(A. cont'd)Boundaries
Delineate separate elements of systems and subsystems
Vary in permeability (like cell walls)
Give examples of boundaries in families
Hierarchies
Systems can be organized hierarchicallyClass examples from familiesB. CONTROL
Homeostasis
Feedback (servo mechanisms)
Deviation amplifying -- Positive feedback
Deviation dampening - Negative feedbackC. ENERGY
Entropy -- random, no pattern
Negentropy --increased stereotypy
IV. Circumplex Model of Families (Figure from Lecture)Olson's model based on two orthogonal (right angle) vectors:
Cohesion (X axis) and Adaptability (Y axis)
This yields 4 quadrants of Hi and Low on each vector.Example: A family can be Hi-Hi, I; Lo-Lo, IV; Hi-Lo, III;
and Lo-Hi, II, using their scores on these two measures
(Adaptability and Cohesion)
How would you describe a family that is Hi on cohesion and Lo on
adaptability (e.g., III)? One that is Lo on cohesion and Hi on
adaptability (e.g., II)?
For a view of the complete Olson model click HERE.
(Picure loads slowly)
V. Clinical Applications of Systems Concepts
All
messages in
this box are false |
Reframes refer to taking a sequence of events that
What is at issue here is that any sequence of life
|
it is not surprising that one member may take on the role of protector, or the one to draw fire. Take sister Suzy who is anorexic. Bad thing, so family must now focus all their attention on her. What are M and F doing now that they are preoccupied with Suzy? For one thing, they have less chance to get into their stuff. Suzy (not planning this!) now acts as family protector by keeping M and F from fighting, etc. Notice: Suzy did not wake up one morning saying "Oh goodie, if I starve myself I can keep mom and dad from fighting." No consciousness is needed within a systems perspective! Also systems people do not rely on personality explanations. Suzy's anorexia is not a personality disorder: it is a solution to a problem. But... the solution IS the problem. This is a very different way of thinking about these events. What people DO to solve "a problem" is often THE problem. Compare this thinking with the psychodyanmic view. In psychodyanmic view there is an underlying problem that is festering and must be "cut out" as it were. In systems thinking the balance within the family is such that people HAVE to do whatever becomes the problem. |
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