The Arte of Rhetorique

Thomas Wilson

Note on the e-text: this Renascence Editions text was transcribed by Judy Boss, Omaha, NE, 1998, from Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique 1560. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. Ed. G. H. Mair. Content unique to this presentation is copyright © 1998 The University of Oregon and Judy Boss. For nonprofit and educational uses only. Send comments and corrections to the Publisher, rbear at uoregon.edu.

The arte of Rhetorique.

What is Rhetorique.

Hetorique is an Arte to set foorth by vtteraunce of words, matter at large, or (as Cicero doth say) it is a learned, or rather an artificiall declaration of the mynd, in the handling of any cause, called in contention, that may through reason largely be discussed.

¶ The matter whereupon an
Oratour must speake.

Rhetorique occupied

about all lawes,

concerning man.

AN Orator must be able to speake fully of al those questions, which by lawe & mans ordinance are enacted, and appointed for the vse and profite of man, such as are thought apt for the tongue to set forwarde. Nowe Astronomie is rather learned by demonstration, then taught by any great vtterance. Arithmetique smally needeth the vse of Eloquence, seeing it may be had wholy by nombring only. Geometrie rather asketh a good square, then a cleane flowing tongue to set out the art. Therefore an Orators profession, is to speake only of all such matters, as may largely be expounded for mans behoue, and may with much grace be set out, for all men to heare them. ¶ Of questions.

Questions of two sort.

EVery question or demaund in things, is of two sortes. Either it is an infinite question, & without end, or els it is definite, and comprehended within some ende.

Questions infinite.

Those questions are called infinite, which generally are propounded, without the comprehension of tyme, place, and persone, or any such like: that is to say, when no certaine thing is named, but onely words are generally spoken. As thus, whether it be best to marrie, or to liue single. Which is better, a courtiers life, or a Scholers life.

Questions definite.

Those questions are called definite, which set forth a matter, with the appointment and naming of place, time, and person. As thus. Whether now it be best here in Englande, for a Priest to Marrie, or to liue single. Whether it were meete for the kings Maiestie that nowe is, to marrie with a stranger, or to marrie with one of his owne Subiects. Now the definite

Questions definite, belong

properly to an Orator.

question (as the which concerneth some one person) is most agreeing to the purpose of an Orator, considering particuler matters in the law, are euer debated betwixt certaine persons, the one affirming for his parte, and the other denying as fast againe for his parte.

Thinges generally spoken without all circumstaunces, are more proper vnto the Logician, who talketh of thinges vniuersally,

Questions infinite,

proper vnto

Logicians.

without respect of person, time, or place. And yet notwithstanding, Tullie doth say, that whosoeuer will talke of particuler matter must remember, that within the same also is comprehended a generall. As for example. If I shall aske this question, whether it bee lawfull for William Conquerour to inuade England, and win it by force of Armour, I must also consider this, whether it bee lawfull for any man to vsurpe power, or it bee not lawful. That if the greater cannot be borne withall, the lesse can not bee neither. And in this respect, a generall question agreeth well to an Orators profession, and ought well to bee knowne for the better furtheraunce of his matter, notwithstanding the particuler question is euer called in controuersie, and the generall only thereupon considered, to comprehend and compasse the same, as the which is more generall.

¶ The ende of Rhetorique.
Three thinges are required of an Orator.

Orators bound

to performe

three thinges.

{To teach.

{To delight.

{And to perswade.

FIrst therefore, an Orator must labour to tell his tale, that the hearers may well knowe what he meaneth, and vnderstand him wholy, the which he shall with ease vse, if he

Plaine words

proper vnto

an Orator.

vtter his minde in plaine words, such as are vsually receiued, and tell it orderly, without going about the bush. That if he doe not this, he shall neuer doe the other. For what man can be delited, or yet be perswaded with the only hearing of those thinges, which he knoweth not what they meane. The tongue is ordeined to expresse the minde, that one may vnderstand an others meaning: now what auaileth to speake, when none can tell what the speaker meaneth? Therefore Phauorinus the Philosopher (as Gellius telleth the tale) did hit a yong man ouer the Thumbes very handsomely, for vsing ouer old, and ouer straunge wordes. Sirha (quoth he) when our olde great auncesters and Graundsires were aliue, they spake plainly in their mothers tongue, and vsed olde language, such

A Philosophers

wittie saying to a

yong man that

sought to speake

dark language.

as was spoken then at the building of Roome. But you talke me such a Latine, as though you spake with them euen now, that were two or three thousand yeres agoe, and onely because you would haue no man to vnderstand what you say. Now, were it not better for thee a thousande fold, (thou foolish fellowe) in seeking to haue thy desire, to holde thy peace, and speake nothing at all? For then by that meanes, fewe should knowe what were thy meaning. But thou saiest, the olde antiquitie doth like thee best, because it is good, sober, and modest. Ah, liue man, as they did before thee, and speake thy mind now as men doe at this day. And remember that which Cæsar saieth, beware as long as thou liuest of straunge wordes, as thou wouldest take heede and eschue great Rockes in the Sea.

The next part that he hath to play, is to chere his geastes, and to make them take pleasure, with hearing of thinges

Orators must vse delitefull

wordes and sayinges.

wittely deuised, and pleasauntly set foorth. Therefore euery Orator should earnestly labour to file his tongue, that his words may slide with ease, and that in his deliueraunce he may have such grace, as the sound of a Lute, or any such Instrument doth giue. Then his sentences must be wel framed, and his words aptly vsed, through the whole discourse of his Oration.

Thirdly, such quicknesse of witte must bee shewed, and such pleasaunt sawes so well applied, that the eares may finde much delite, whereof I will speake largely, when I shall intreate of mouing laughter. And assuredly nothing is more needfull, then to quicken these heauie loden wittes of ours,

Preachers not so diligently

heard as common Players.

and much to cherish these our lompish and vnweldie Natures, for except men finde delite, they will not long abide: delite them, and winne them: wearie them, and you lose them for euer. And that is the reason, that men commonly tarie the ende of a merie Play, and cannot abide the halfe hearing of a sower checking Sermon. Therefore euen these auncient Preachers, must now and then play the fooles in the pulpit, to serue the tickle eares of their fleting audience, or els they are like sometimes to preach to the bare walles, for though their spirite bee apt, and our will prone, yet our flesh is so heauie, and humours so ouerwhelme vs, that we cannot without

Preachers must sometimes be

mery when they speake

to the people.

Deliting needful.

Scurrilitie odious.

Affections must be moued.

refreshing, long abide to heare any one thing. Thus we see, that to delite is needfull, without the which weightie matters will not be heard at all, and therefore him cunne I thanke, that both can and will ever, mingle sweete among the sower, be he Preacher, Lawyer, yea, or Cooke either hardly, when hee dresseth a good dish of meate: now I need not to tell that scurrilitie, or ale-house iesting, would bee thought odious, or grosse mirth would be deemed madnesse: considering that euen the meane witted do knowe that alreadie, and as for other that haue no wit, they will neuer learne it, therfore God speede them. Now when these two are done, hee must perswade, and moue the affections of his hearers in such wise, that they shalbe forced to yeeld vnto his saying, whereof (because the matter is large, and may more aptly be declared, when I shall speake of Amplification) I will surcease to speake any thing thereof at this tyme.

¶ By what meanes Eloquence
is attained. FIrst needfull it is that hee, which desireth to excell in this gift of Oratorie, and longeth to proue an eloquent man, must naturally haue a wit, and an aptnesse thereunto: then must he to his Booke, and learne to bee well stored with knowledge, that he may be able to minister matter for al causes necessarie. The which when he hath got plentifully, he must vse much exercise, both in writing, and also in speaking. For though hee haue a wit and learning together,

Practise maketh

al things perfect.

yet shall they both little auaile without much practise. What maketh the Lawyer to haue such utteraunce? Practise. What maketh the Preacher to speake so roundly? Practise. Yea, what maketh women goe so fast awaye with their wordes? Mary practise I warrant you. Therefore in all faculties, diligent practise, and earnest exercise, are the onely things that make men proue excellent. Many men know the art very well, and be in all points throughly grounded and acquainted with the precepts, & yet it is not their hap to proue eloquent. And the reason is, that eloquence it selfe, came not vp first by the art, but the arte rather was gathered vpon eloquence. For wisemen seeing by much obseruation and diligent practise,

Rhetorique first made by wise

men, and not wisemen

first made by Rhetorique.

the compasse of diuers causes, compiled thereupon precepts and lessons, worthy to be knowne and learned of all men. Therefore before arte was inuented, eloquence was vsed, and through practise made perfect, the which in all things is a soueraigne meane, most highly to excell.

Now, before we vse either to write, or speake eloquently, wee must dedicate our myndes wholy, to followe the most wise and learned men, and seeke to fashion as wel their

Imitation or following the

waies of wisemen, is needfull.

speache and gesturing, as their witte or endyting. The which when we earnestly mynd to doe, we can not but in time appere somewhat like them. For if they that walke much in the Sunne, and thinke not of it, are yet for the most part Sunne burnt, it can not be but that they which wittingly and willingly trauayle to counterfect other, must needes take some colour of them, and be like vnto them in some one thing or other, according to the Prouerbe, by companying with the wise, a man shall learne wisedome.

¶ To what purpose this arte is set forthe. TO this purpose and for this vse, is the arte compiled together, by the learned and wisemen, that those which

Rhetorique to what

purpose it serueth.

Arte a surer guide

then Nature.

are ignorant might iudge of the learned, and labour (when time should require) to followe their woorkes accordingly. Againe, the arte helpeth well to dispose and order matters of our owne inuention, the which wee may followe as well in speaking as in writing, for though many by nature without art, haue proued worthy men, yet is arte a surer guide then nature, considering we see as liuely by arte what we do, as though we read a thing in writing, where as Natures doings are not so open to all men. Againe, those that haue good wittes by Nature, shall better encrease them by arte, and the blunt also shall bee whetted through arte, that want Nature to helpe them forward. ¶ Fiue things to be considered
in an Oratour. ANy one that will largely handle any matter, must fasten his mynde first of all, vppon these fiue especiall pointes that followe, and learne them euery one.

{i.     Inuention of matter.

{ii.    Disposition of the same.

{iii.   Elocution.

{iiii.  Memorie.

{v.    Utteraunce.

Oratours must have v. things

to make them perfite.

THe finding out of apt matter, called otherwise Inuention, is a searching out of things true, or things likely, the which may reasonablie set forth a matter, and make it appeare probable. The places of Logique, giue good occasion to finde out plentifull matter. And therefore, they that will proue any cause, and seeke onely to teach thereby the trueth, must search out the places of Logique, and no doubt they shall finde much

Inuention, what it is.

Disposition, what it is.

plentie. But what auaileth much treasure and apt matter, if man can not apply it to his purpose. Therefore, in the second place is mentioned, the setling or ordering of things inuented for this purpose, called in Latine Dispositio, the which is nothing els but an apt bestowing, and orderly placing of things, declaring where euery argument shall be set, and in what maner euery reason shalbe applied for confirmation of the purpose.

But yet what helpeth it though wee can finde good reasons, and knowe how to place them, if wee haue not apt words and picked Sentences, to commende the whole matter. Therefore,

Elocution, what it is.

Memorie, what it is.

this point must needes followe to beautifie the cause, the which being called Elocution, is an applying of apt wordes and sentences to the matter, found out to confirme the cause. When all these are had together it auaileth little, if man haue no Memorie to containe them. The Memorie therefore must be cherished, the which is a fast holding both of matter and words couched together, to confirme any cause.

Be it now that one haue all these fower, yet if he want the fift all the other doe little profite. For though a man can finde out good matter and good wordes, though hee can handsomely set them together, and carie them very well awaie

Pronunciation,

what it is.

in his minde, yet it is to no purpose if he haue no vtterance, when he should speake his minde, and shewe men what he hath to saie. Vtterance therefore, is a framing of the voyce, countenaunce, and gesture after a comely maner.

Thus we see, that euery one of these must goe together, to make a perfite Oratour, and that the lack of one, is a hinderance of the whole, and that as well all may be wanting as one, if wee looke to haue an absolute Oratour.

There are seuen partes in euery Oration.

Orations in general

consist vpon seuen

partes[.]

{i.    The Enterance or beginning.

{ii.   The Narration.

{iii.  The Proposition.

{iiii. The Deuision or seuerall parting of things.

{v.    The [C]onfirmation.

{vi.   The [C]onfutation.

{vii.  The Conclusion.

Entraunce, what it is.

The Entraunce or beginning is the former parte of the Oration, whereby the will of the standers by, or of the Iudge is sought for, and required to heare the matter.

Narration.

The Narration is a plaine and manifest pointing of the matter, and an euident setting forth of all things that belong vnto the same, with a breefe rehersall grounded vpon some reason.

Proposition.

The proposition is a pithie sentence comprehended in a small roome, the somme of the whole matter.

Deuision.

The Deuision is an opening of things, wherein we agree and rest vpon, and wherein we sticke and stand in trauers, shewing what we haue to say in our owne behalfe.

Confirmation.

The Confirmation is a declaration of our owne reasons, with assured and constant proofes.

Confutation.

The Confutation is a dissoluing, or wyping away of all such reasons as make against vs.

Conclusion.

The Conclusion is a clarkly gathering of the matter spoken before, and a lapping vp of it altogether.

Now, because in euery one of these greate heede ought to bee had, and much arte must be vsed, to content and like all parties: I purpose in the second booke to set foorthe at large euery one of these, that both we may know in all partes what to followe, and what to eschue. And first, when time shalbe to talke of any matter I would aduise euery man to consider the nature of the cause it self, that the rather he might frame his whole Oration thereafter.

¶ Euery matter is contained in
one of these fower. EIther it is an honest thing whereof we speake, or els it is filthie and vile, or els betwixt both: and doubtfull what

Matters in generall stand in

fower pointes.

it is to bee called, or els it is some trifeling matter, that is of small weight.

Matters honest.

1 That is called an honest matter, when either we take in hande such a cause that all men would maintayne, or els gainsaie such a cause, that no man can well like.

Matters filthie.

2 Then doe wee holde and defend a filthie matter, when either we speake against our owne conscience in an euill matter, or els withstand an upright trueth.

Matters doubtfull.

3 The cause then is doubtfull, when the matter is halfe honest, and halfe vnhonest.

Matters trifeling.

4 Such are trifling causes when there is no weight in them, as if one should phantasie to praise a goose before any other beast liuing, (as I knowe who did) or of fruite to commende Nuttes chiefly, as Ouid did, or the Feuer quartaine as Phauorinus did, or the Gnat as Virgil did, or the battaile of Frogges as Homer did, or dispraise beardes, or commend shauen heddes.

Good heede to be taken at the first, vpon the handling
of any matter in Iudgement.

Circumstances necessarie in

all causes to be noted.

Fauor winning, and affections

mouing when they are most

necessarie.

Aduersaries reasons when

they should best be confuted.

NOT onely it is necessarie to knowe what maner of cause we haue taken in hande, when we first enter vppon any matter, but also it is wisedome to consider the tyme, the place, the man for whom we speake, the man against whom we speake, the matter whereof we speake, and the Iudges before whom wee speake, the reasons that best serue to further our cause, and those reasons also that may seeme somewhat to hinder our cause, and in nowise to vse any such at all, or els warely to mitigate by protestation the euill that is in them, and alwaies to vse whatsoeuer can be saied, to win the chief hearers good willes, and to perswade them to our purpose. If the cause goe by fauour, and that reason can not so much auaile, as good will shal be able to doe: or els if mouing affections can doe more good, then bringing in of good reasons, it is meete alwaies to vse that way, whereby wee may by good helpe get the ouerhand. That if myne aduersaries reasons, by mee being confuted serue better to helpe forward my cause, then myne owne reasons confirmed, can be able to doe good: I should wholy bestowe my tyme, and trauaile to weaken and make slender, all that euer he bringeth with him. But if I can with more ease proue mine own sayings, either with

Arguments when they should

chiefly be vsed.

witnesses, or with wordes, then bee able to confute his with reason, I must labour to withdrawe mens mindes from mine aduersaries foundation, and require them wholy to harken vnto that which I haue to say, being of it selfe so iust and so reasonable, that none can rightly speake against it, & shew them that great pitie it were, for lacke of the onely hearing, that a true matter should want true dealing. Ouer & besides al these, there remaine two lessons, the which wisemen haue alwaies obserued, and therefore ought of all men assuredly to bee learned. The one is, that if any matter be laied against

Matters hard to auoyde

should alwaies be past

ouer, as though wee sawe

them not at all.

Good to be bold in most

daunger, if otherwise

we cannot escape.

vs, which by reason can hardly be auoyded, or the which is so open, that none almost can deny: it were wisedome in confuting all the other reasons, to passe ouer this one, as though we saw it not, and therefore speake neuer a word of it. Or els if necessitie shall force a man to say somewhat, he may make an outward bragge, as though there were no matter in it, euer so speaking of it, as though he would stand to the triall, making men to beleeue he would fight in the cause, when better it were (if necessitie so required) to run cleane awaie. And therein though a man do flie and giue place, euermore the gladder the lesse rauing there is, or stirring in this matter: yet he flieth wisely and for this ende, that being sensed otherwise, and strongly appointed, hee may take his aduersarie at the best aduauntage, or at the least wearie him with much lingering, and make him with oft such flying, to forsake his cheefe defence.

The other lesson is, that whereas we purpose alwaies to haue the victorie, we should so speake that we may labour, rather not to hinder or hurt our cause, then to seeke meanes

Better not to hurte

a good matter by ill

speeche then to further

it by good talke.

Warenesse in speaking,

and forbearing to speake[.]

to further it. And yet I speake not this, but that both these are right necessary, and euery one that will doe good, must take paines in them both, but yet notwithstanding, it is a fouler fault a great deale for an Orator, to be found hurting his owne cause, then it should turne to his rebuke, if he had not furthered his whole entent. Therfore not onely is it wisedome, to speake so much as is needefull, but also it is good reason to leaue vnspoken so much as is needelesse, the which although the wisest can doe and neede no teaching, yet these common wittes offende now and then in this behalf. Some man being stirred, shall hurt more our cause then twentie other. Taunting woordes before some men, will not bee borne at all. Sharpe rebuking of our aduersarie, or frumpes giuen before some persons, can not be suffered at all. Yea, sometymes a man must not speake all that he knoweth, for if he do, he is like to find small fauour, although he haue iust

The persone before

whom we speake must be

well marked.

Time must be

obserued.

cause to speake, and may with reason declare his mynd at large. And albeit that witlesse folke, can sooner rebuke that which is fondly spoken, then redily praise that which is wisely kept close, yet the necessitie of the matter must rather be marked, then the fond iudgement of the people esteemed. What a sore saying were this: When a Lawier should take in hande a matter concerning life and death: and an other should aske how he hath sped, to heare tell that the Lawyer hath not only cast away his client, but vndoen himself also, in speaking thinges, inconsideratly, as no doubt it often happeneth that wisemen and those also that be none euill men neither, may vnwares speake things, which afterward they sore repent, and would call backe againe with losse of a great somme. Now what folly it is, not to remember the time, and the men. Or who will speake that which he knoweth will not be liked, if he purpose to finde fauour at their hands, before whome he speaketh, what man of reason, will praise that before the Iudges (before whom he knoweth the determination of his cause resteth) which the Iudges them selues cannot abide to heare spoken at all? Or doeth not so much hinder his owne matter, that without all curtesie or preface made, will largely speake euill of those men, whom the hearers of his cause tenderly do fauour? Or be it that there be some notable fault in thine aduersarie, with which the Iudges also are infected, were it not folly for thee to charge thine aduersarie with the same. Considering the Iudges thereby may think, thou speakest against them also, and so thou maiest perhaps lose their fauour, in seeking such defence made without all discretion. And in framing reasons to confirme the purpose, if any be spoken plainly false, or els contrarie to that which was spoken before, doeth it not much hinder a good matter? Therefore in all causes this good heed ought to be had, that alwaies we labour to do some good in furthering of our cause, or if we cannot so doe, at the least that we do no harme at al.

¶ There are three kindes of causes or Orations,
which serue for euery matter.

Orations or causes

of iii. kinds.

NOthing can be handled by this arte, but the same is conteined within one of these three causes. Either the matter consisteth in praise, or dispraise of a thing or els in consulting, whether the cause be profitable, or vnprofitable: or lastly, whether the matter be right or wrong. And yet this one thing is to be learned, that in euery one of these three causes, these three seuerall endes, may euery one of them be conteined in any one of them. And therefore, he that shall haue cause to praise any one bodie, shall haue iust cause to speake of Iustice, to entreate of profite, and ioyntly to talke of one thing with an other. But because these three causes, are commonly and for the most part seuerally parted, I will speake of them one after an other, as they are set forth by wise mens iudgements, and particularly declare their properties all in order.

Oration demonstratiue.

The Oration demonstratiue standeth either in praise, or dispraise of some one man, or of some one thing, or of some one deed doen.

¶ The kind Demonstratiue, wherein
cheefly it standeth. THere are diuers things which are praised and dispraised, as men, Countries, Cities, Places, Beastes, Hilles, Riuers, Houses, Castles, deedes doen by worthy men, and pollicies euented by great Warriors, but most commonly men are praised for diuers respectes, before any of the other things are taken in hande.

Noble persones, how

they should be praised.

Now in praysing a noble personage, and in setting foorth at large his worthinesse: Quintillian giueth warning, to vse this threefold order.

	{ Before this life.
To obserue things.	{ In his life.
	{ After his death.

Before a mans life, are considered these places.

{The Realme.

{The Sheire.

{The towne.

{The Parentes.

{The Auncesters.

IN a mans life, praise must bee parted threefolde. That is to say, into the giftes of good things of the mynde, the body, and of fortune. Now the giftes of the body & of fortune, are not praise worthy of their owne nature: but euen as they are vsed, either to or fro, so they are either praised, or dispraised. Giftes of the mind deserue the whole trompe & sound commendation aboue all other, wherein we may vse the rehearsal of vertues, as they are in order, and beginning at his infancie, tel all his doings till his last age.

¶ The places whereof are these.

{ The birthe, and }		{Whether the persone be a
{     infancie.}		{man, or a woman.
		{The brynging vp, the
{ The childhood. }		{nurturing, and the behauour
		{of his life.
{ The Striplyng }		{To what study he taketh
{ age, or Springtide. }	Whereunto	{himself vnto, what company
	are referred	{he useth, how he liueth.
{ The mannes }	these.	{Prowesse doen, either
{ state. }		{abrode, or at home.
		{His pollicies and wittie
{ The olde age. }		{deuises, in behoufe of the
		{publique weale.
{ The tyme of his}		{Things that haue happened
{ departure, or }		{about his death.
{ death. }

NOw to open all these places more largely, as well those that are before a mannes life, as such as are in his life, and after his death, that the Reader may further see the profite will I doe the best I can.

The house or auncestrie

whereof a noble

personage commeth.

The house whereof a noble personage came, declares the state and natures of his auncesters, his alliance, and his kinsfolke. So that such worthie feates as they haue hertofore done, & al such honors as they haue had for such their good seruice, redounds wholy to the encrease and amplifying of his honor, that is now liuing.

ij. The Realme.

The Realme declares the nature of the people. So that some Countrey bringeth more honor with it, then an other doth. To be a French man, descending there of a noble house, is more honor then to be an Irish man: To bee an English man borne, is much more honor then to bee a Scot, because that by these men, worthie Prowesses haue beene done, and greater affaires by them attempted, then haue beene done by any other.

iij. The Shire

or Towne.

The Shire or Towne helpeth somewhat, towardes the encrease of honor: As it is much better to bee borne in Paris, then in Picardie: in London then in Lincolne. For that both the ayre is better, the people more ciuill, and the wealth much greater, and the men for the most part more wise.

iiij. The sexe or kinde.

To bee borne a manchilde, declares a courage, grauitie, and constancie. To be borne a woman, declares weakenesse of spirit, neshnesse of body, and ficklenesse of minde.

v. Education.

Now, for the bringing vp of a noble personage, his nurse must bee considered, his play fellowes obserued, his teacher and other his seruaunts called in remembraunces. How euery one of these liued then, with whom they haue liued afterwards, and how they liue now.

vi. Inclination of nature.

By knowing what he taketh himselfe vnto, and wherein hee most delighteth, I may commend him for his learning, for his skill in the French, or in the Italian, for his knowledge in Cosmographie: for his skill in the Lawes, in the histories of all Countries, and for his gift of enditing. Againe, I may commend him for playing at weapons, for running vpon a great Horse, for charging his staffe at the Tilt, for vawting, for playing vpon Instruments, yea, and for painting, or drawing of a Plat, as in old time noble Princes much delighted therein.

vij. Attempts worthie[.]

Prowesse done, declare his seruice to the King, and his Countrey, either in withstanding the outward enemie, or els in aswaging the rage of his owne Countreymen at home.

viii.

His wise counsaile, and good aduise giuen, sets forth the goodnesse of his wit.

ix. Time of departing

this world.

At the time of his departing, his sufferaunce of all sicknesse, may much commende his worthinesse. As his strong heart, and cherefull pacience euen to the ende, cannot want great praise. The loue of all men towards him, and the lamenting generally for his lacke, helpe well most highly to set forth his honour.

After departure.

After a mans death, are considered his Tombe, his Cote armour set vp, and all such honours as are vsed in Funeralles. If any one list to put these precepts in practise, he may doe as him liketh best. And surely I doe thinke, that nothing so

Duke of Suffolke,

and Lorde Charles.

much furthereth knowledge as dayly exercise, and enuring our selues to doe that in deede, which we knowe in worde. And because examples giue great light, after these precepts are set forth, I will commend two noble Gentlemen, Henry Duke of Suffolke, and his brother Lord Charles Duke with him.

¶ An example of commending
a noble personage. BEtter or more wisely can none do, then they which neuer bestowe praise, but vpon those that best deserue praise, rather minding discretely what they ought to doe, then vainely deuising what they best can doe, seeking rather to praise men, such as are found worthie, then curiously finding meanes to praise matters, such as neuer were in any. For they which speake otherwise then trueth is, minde not the commendation of the person, but the setting forth of their owne learning. As Gorgias in Plato, praysing vnrighteousnesse,

Gorgias.

Heliogabalus

Paphorinus.

Heliogabalus Oratours commending whoredome, Phaphorinus the Philosopher, extolling the Feuer quartain, thought not to speake as the cause required, but would so much say as their witte would giue, not weighing the state of the cause, but minding the vaunt of their braine, looking how much could bee sayd, not passing how little should bee sayd. But I both knowing the might of Gods hande, for such as loue Fables, and the shame that in earth redoundeth to euill reporters, will not commend that in those, which neede no good praise, but will commend them that no man iustly can dispraise, nor yet any one is well able worthely to praise. Their towardnesse was such, and their giftes so great, that I know none which loue learning, but hath sorrowed the lacke of their being. And I knowe that the onely naming of them, will stirre honest hearts to speake well of them. I will speake of two bretheren that lately departed, the one Henry Duke of Suffolke, and the other Lord Charles his brother, whom GOD thinking meeter for heauen, then to liue here vpon earth, tooke from vs in his anger, for the bettering of our doinges, and amendment of our euill liuing. These two Gentlemen were borne in noble Englande, both by father and mother of an high parentage. The father called Duke Charles, by Mariage

Henry Duke of

Suffolke and

Lorde Charles

his brother.

beeing brother to the worthie King of famous memorie Henry the eight, was in such fauour, and did such seruice, that all England at this howre doth finde his lacke, and France yet doth feele that such a Duke there was, whom in his life time the Godly loued: the euill feared, the wise men honoured for his witte, and the simple vsed alwaies for their counsaile. Their mother of birth noble, and witte great, of nature gentle, and mercifull to the poore, and to the Godly, and especially to the learned an earnest good Patronesse, and most helping Ladie aboue all other. In their youth their father died, the eldest of them beeing not past nine yeares of age. After whose death, their mother knowing, that wealth without wit, is like a sworde in a naked mans hande, and assuredly certaine, that knowledge would confirme iudgement, prouided so for their bringing vp in all vertue and learning, that two like were not to bee had within this Realme againe. When they began both to ware somewhat in yeares, being in their primetide and spring of their age, the elder wayting on the Kings Maiestie that now is, was generally wel esteemed, and such hope was conceiued of his towardnesse, both for learning and al other things, that fewe were like vnto him in al the Court. The other keeping his booke among the Cambrige men profited (as they well knowe) both in vertue and learning, to their great admiration. For the Greeke, the Latine, and the Italian, I know he could do more, then would be thought true by my report. I leaue to speake of his skill in pleasant Instrumentes, neither will I vtter his aptnesse in Musicke, and his toward Nature, to all exercises of the body. But his elder brother in this time (besides his other giftes of the minde, which passed all other, and were almost incredible) following his fathers nature, was so delited with ryding, and runnyng in armour vpon horsebacke, and was so comely for that fact, and could dooe so well in charging his Staffe, beeing but xiiii. yeeres of age, that men of warre, euen at this howre, mone much the want of such a worthy Gentleman. Yea, the French men that first wondered at his learning, when he was there among them, and made a notable oration in Latine: were much more astonied when they sawe his comely riding, and little thought to finde these two ornaments ioyned both in one, his yeares especially being so tender, and his practise of so small tyme. Afterward comming from the Court, as one that was desirous to be among the learned, he lay in Cambridge together with his brother, where they both so profited, and so gently vsed themselues, that all Cambridge did reuerence, both him and his brother, as two Iewels sent from God. The elders nature was such, that hee thought himself best, when he was among the wisest, and yet contemned none, but thankfully vsed al, gentle in behauiour without childishnesse, stout of stomack without al pride, bold with all warenesse, and friendly with good aduisement. The yonger being not so ripe in yeres, was not so graue in looke, rather cherefull, then sad: rather quicke, then auncient: but yet if his brother were set aside, not one that went beyond him. A child, that by his owne inclination, so much yeelded to his ruler, as few by chastment haue done the like: pleasant of speech, prompt of wit, stirring by nature, hault without hate, kind without craft, liberall of heart, gentle in behauiour, forward in all things, greedie of learning, & loth to take a foile in any open assembly. They both in all attempts, sought to haue the victorie, and in exercise of wit, not only the one with the other, did oft stand in contention, but also they both would match with the best, and thought them selues most happie, when they might haue any iust occasion, to put their wittes in triall. And now when this greene fruite began to waxe ripe, and all men longed to haue a taste of such their great forwardnesse: God preuenting mans expectation, tooke them both about one howre, and in so shorte time, that first they were knowne to be dead, or any abroad could tel they were sicke. I neede not to rehearse, what both they spake, before their departure (considering, I haue seuerally written, both in Latine and in English, of the same matter) neither will I heape here so much together, as I can, because I should rather renew great sorrow to many, then doe most men any great good, who loued them so well generally, that fewe for a great space after, spake of these two Gentlemen, but they shewed teares, with the only vtterance of their wordes, and some through ouer much sorrowing, were faine to forbeare speaking. GOD graunt vs all to liue, that the good men of this world, may bee alwaies loth to forsake vs, and God may still be glad to haue vs, as no doubt these two children so died, as all men should wish to liue, and so they liued both, as al should wish to dye. Seeing therefore, these two were such, both for birth, nature, and all other giftes of grace, that the like are hardly found behind them: Let vs so speak of them, that our good reporte may warne vs, to followe their godly natures, and that lastly, we may enioye that inheritance, whereunto God hath prepared them and vs (that feare him) from the beginning. Amen.

	{The Enteraunce.
The partes of an	{The Narration.
Oration made in	{Sometimes the confutation.
praise of a man.	{The Conclusion.

IF any one shall haue iust cause, to dispraise an euill man, he shall sone doe it, if he can praise a good man. For (as Aristotle doth say) of contraries, there is one and the same doctrine, and therefore, hee that can doe the one, shall soone bee able to doe the other.

¶ Of an Oration demonstratiue,
for some deede done.

Oration demonstratiue

of a deede.

THe kind demonstratiue of some thing done, is this, when a man is commended, or dispraised, for any act committed in his life. ¶ The places to confirme this cause, why any one
is commended, are sixe in number.

	{i. It is honest.
	{ii. It is possible.
The places of confirmation.	{iii. Easie to be done.
	{iiii. Hard to be done.
	{v. Possible to be done.
	{vi. Impossible to be done.

Seuen circumstaunces, which are to bee considered in diuers matters.

	{i. Who did the deede.
	{ii. What was done.
The circumstaunces.	{iii. Where it was done.
	{iiii. What helpe had he to doe it.
	{v. Wherefore he did it.
	{vi. How he did it.
	{vii. At what time he did it.

¶ The circumstaunces in Meter.
Who, what, and where, by what helpe, and by whose:
Why, how, and when, doe many things disclose.

THese places helpe vonderfully to set out any matter, and to amplifie it to the vttermost, not onely in praysing, or dispraysing, but also in all other causes, where any aduisement is to bee vsed. Yet this one thing is to be learned, that it shal not be necessarie to vse them altogether, euen as they stand in order: but rather as time and place shall best require, they may be vsed in any part of the Oration, euen as it shall please him that hath the vsing of them. Againe, if any man be disposed to rebuke any offence, he may vse the places contrary vnto them, that are aboue rehearsed, and applie these circumstaunces, euen as they are, to the proofe of his purpose.

An example of commending King Dauid, for killing great Goliah,
gathered and made, by obseruation of circumstances.

Dauid commended

for killing Goliah.

GOD being the aucthour of mankinde, powring into him the breath of life, and framing him of clay, in such a comely wise as wee all now see, hath from the beginning, beene so carefull ouer his elect and chosen, that in al daungers, he is euer readie to assist his people, keeping them harmlesse, when they were often past all mans hope. And among all other his fatherly goodnesse, it pleased him to shewe his power to his chosen seruaunt Dauid, that al might learne

Who? Dauid

against Goliah.

to knowe his might, and recken with themselues, that though man giue the stroke, yet God it is that giueth the ouerhand. For wher as Dauid was of small stature, weake of bodie, poore of birth, and base in the sight of the worldlings, God called him first to match with an huge monster, a little bodie, against a mightie Gyaunt, an abiect Israelite, against a most valiaunt Philistine, with whom no Israelite durst encounter. These Philistines, trusting in their owne strength so much that they feared no perrill, but made an accompt, that all was theirs before hand. Now, when both these armies were in sight, the Philistines vpon an hill of the one side, and the Israelites vpon an hill of the other side, a vale beeing betwixt them both, there marched out of the Campe, a base borne Philistine, called Goliah of Geth, a man of sixe Cubites high. This Souldier, when through his bignesse and stature of his bodie, and also with great bragges, and terrible threatninges, he had wonderfully abashed the whole Armie of the Israelites, so that no man durst aduenture vpon him. God to the end he might deliuer Israell, and shew that mans helpe, with all his armour, litle auaile to get victorie, without his especiall grace: and againe, to the end he might set vp Dauid, and make him honourable among the Israelites, did then call out Dauid, the sonne of Ephrateus, of Bethleem Iuda, whose name was Isaie,

What? Dauid

killed Goliah.

Where? About

the vale of

Terebinthus.

who being but a childe in yeres, did kill out of hand, by Gods might and power, Goliath the most terrible enemie of all other, that bare hate against the children of Israell. When this mightie fellowe was slaine, about the vale of Terebinthus, betwixt both the Armies, the Israelites reioysed, that before quaked, and wondered at him then, whom they would scant knowe before, and no doubt this deede was not only wonderfull, but also right godly. For in battaile to kill an enemie, is thought right worthie, or to aduenture vpon a Rebell (though the successe followe not) is generally commended, yea, to put one to the worse, or to make him flie the ground, is called manly, but what shal we say of Dauid, that not onely had the better hande, not onely bet his enemie, but killed streight his enemie, yea, and not an enemie of the common stature of men, but a mightie Gyant, not a man, but a

Dauids enterprise, honest

& godly. By what help,

& by whose, alone and

without the helpe of

any man liuing.

monster, yea, a deuill in heart, and a beast in bodie? Can any be compted more honest then such as seeke to saue their Countrey, by hassarding their carcasses, and shedding of their bloud? Can loue shew it self greater, then by yeelding of life, for the health of an army? It had been much, if halfe a dosen had dispatched such a terrible Giaunt, but now, when Dauid without helpe, being not yet a man but a boye in yeares, slewe him hand to hand, what iust praise doth he deserue? If we praise other, that haue slaine euil men, and compt them haultie, that haue killed their matches, what shall wee say of Dauid, that being wonderfully ouermatched, made his partie

Dauids enterprise,

praise worthie.

good, and got the Gole of a Monster. Let other praise Hercules, that thinke best of him: let Cæsar, Alexander, and Hanniball, bee bruted for Warriers: Dauid in my iudgement, both did more manly, then all the other were able, and serued his Countrey in greater daunger, then euer any one of them did. And shall we not call such a noble Captaine, a good man of warre. Deserueth not his manhoode and stout attempt, wonderfull praise? If vertue could speake, would she not sone

Why? for the sauegard

of his Countrie.

confesse, that Dauid had her in full possession? And therefore, if well doinges, by right may chalenge worthie Brute, Dauid will be knowne, and neuer can want due praise, for such an honest deede. And what man will not say, but that Dauid did minde nothing els herein, but the sauegarde of his Countrey, thinking it better for himselfe to dye, and his Countrey to liue, then himselfe to liue, and his Countrey to dye. What gaine got Dauid, by the death of Goliath, or what could he hope, by the death of such a Monster, but onely that the loue which he bare to the Israelites, forced him to hassarde his

Dauids enterprise, profitable

to himself and his Countrey.

owne life: thinking that if the Philistines should preuaile, the Israelites were like to perrish, euery mothers sonne of them? Therefore, hee hassarding this attempt, considered with himselfe, the sauegarde of the Israelites, the maintenaunce of Iustice, his duetie towards GOD, his obedience to his Prince, and his loue to his Countrey. And no doubt, God made

Dauids enterprise, appereth

easie to himselfe.

this enterprise appere full easie, before Dauid could haue the heart to match himselfe with such a one. For though his heart might quake, being voyde of Gods helpe, yet assuredly he wanted no stomacke, when God did set him on. Let Tyraunts rage, let Hell stande open, let Sathan shewe his might, if God be with vs, who can be against vs? Though this Goliah appeared so strong, that ten Dauids were not able to stande in his hande: yet tenne Goliahs were all euer weake for Dauid alone. Man can not judge, neither can reason comprehend the mightie power of God.

When Pharao with all his Armie, thought fully to destroye the children of Israell in the red Sea, did not God preserue Moses, and destroyed Pharao? What is man, and all his power that he can make, in the handes of GOD, vnto whom all creatures both in heauen and in earth, are subiect at his commaundement? Therefore, it was no masterie for Dauid, beeing assisted with GOD, aswell to match with the whole

Dauids enterprise

accompted of his

friends hard and

impossible.

Armie, as to ouerthrow this one man. But what did the Israelites, when they sawe Dauid take vppon him such a bolde enterprise? Some sayd he was rash, other mocked him to scorne, and his brethren called him foole. For thought they, what a mad fellowe is he, being but a lad in yeares, to match with such a monster in bodie? How can it be possible otherwise, but that he shall be torne in peeces, euen at the first comming? For if the Philistine may once hit him, he is gon though he had ten mens liues. Now what should he meane, so vnegally to match himselfe, except he were wearie of his life, or els were not well in his wittes? Yea, and to giue his enemies all the aduauntage that could be, he came vnarmed, and whereas the Philistine had very strong Armour, both to defende himselfe, and a strong weapon to fight withall: Dauid came with a Sling onely, as though he would

How? with

a Sling.

kill Crowes, whereat, not onely the Philistine laughed and disdained his follie, but also both the Armies thought he was but a dead man, before he gaue one stroke. And in deede, by all reason and deuise of man, there was none other way, but death with him out of hande. Dauid notwithstanding, beeing kindeled in heart, with Gods might, was strong enough for him, in his owne opinion, and forced nothing though all other were much against him. And therefore, made no more a doe, but being readie to reuenge in Gods name, such great blasphemie, as the Philistine then did vtter: marched towarde his enemie, and with casting a stone out of a Sling, he ouerthrew the Philistine at the first. The which when he had done, out with his sworde and chopt of his head, carying it with his armour, to the Campe of the Israelites: whereat the Philistines were greatly astonied, and the Israelites much praised GOD, that had giuen such grace to such a one, to compasse such a deede. And the rather this manly act, is highly to bee praised, because he subdued this huge enemie, when Saull first reigned King of Israel, and was sore assailed with the great armie of the Philistines. Let vs therefore that be now liuing, when this act or such like, come into our mindes: remember what God is, of how infinite power he is, and let vs praise God in them, by whom he hath wrought such wonders, to the strengthning of our faith, and constaunt keeping of our profession, made to him by euery one of vs in our Baptisme.

¶ Examining of the circumstaunces.
i. Who did the deede? DAuid beeing an Israelite, did this deede, beeing the sonne of Isaie, of the tribe of Iuda, a boye in yeares. This circumstaunce was vsed, not onely in the narration, but also when I spake of the honesty and godlinesse, which Dauid vsed, when he slue Goliah. ii. What was done? He slue Goliah, the strongest Giaunt among the Philistines. This circumstance I vsed also, when I spake of the honestie, in killing Goliah. iii. Where was it done? About the vale of Terebinthus. iiii. What helpe had he to it? He had no help of any man but went himself alone. And whereas, Saull offered him Harnesse, he cast it away, and trusting only in God, tooke him to his Sling, with fower or fiue small stones in his hand, the which were thought nothing in mans sight, able either to doe little good, or els nothing at all. This circumstaunce I vsed, when I spake of the easinesse and possibilitie, that was in Dauid to kill Goliah, by Gods helpe. v. Wherefore did he it? He aduentured his life, for the loue of his Countrey, for the maintenance of iustice, for the aduauncement of Gods true glorie, and for the quietnesse of all Israel, neither seeking fame, nor yet looking for any gaine. I vsed this circumstance when I shewed what profite he sought in aduenturing this deede. vi. How did he it? Marie, he put a stone in his Sling, and when he had cast it at the Philistine Goliah fell downe straight. I vsed this circumstaunce, when I spake of the impossibilitie of the thing. vii. What time did he it? This deede was done, when Saull reigned first King ouer the Israelites, at what time the Philistines came against the Israelites. Thus by the circumstaunces of things, a right worthie cause may be plentifully enlarged. ¶ Of the Oration demonstratiue, where things are
set forth, and matter commended. THE kind demonstratiue of things, is a meane wherby we doe praise, or dispraise things, as Vertue, Vice, Townes, Cities, Castelles, Woodes, Waters, Hilles and Mountaines. ¶ Places to confirme things are fower.

	{i. Things honest.
	{ii. Profitable.
Places of confirmation.	{iii. Easie to be done.
	{iiii. Hard to be done.

MAny learned will haue recourse to the places of Logicke, in steede of these fower places, when they take in hand to commend any such matter. The which places if they make them serue, rather to commende the matter, then onely to teach men the trueth of it, it were wel done, and Oratour like, for seing a man wholly bestoweth his witte to play the Oratour, he should chiefly seeke to compasse that, which he entendeth, and not doe that only which he neuer minded, for by plaine teaching, the Logician shewes himselfe, by large amplification, and beautifying of his cause, the Rhetorician is alwaies knowne.

¶ The places of Logicke are these.

{Definition.

{Causes.

{Parts.

{Effects.

{Things adioyning.

{Contraries.

I Doe not see otherwise, but that these places of Logicke are confounded with the other fower of confirmation, or rather I thinke these of Logicke must first bee minded, ere the other

Logicke must be learned for

confirmation of causes.

can well be had. For what is he, that can cal a thing honest, and by reason proue it, except he first know what the thing is: the which he cannot better doe, then by defining the nature of the thing. Againe, how shall I know, whether mine attempt be easie or hard if I know not the efficient cause, or be assured how it may be done. In affirming it to bee possible, I shall not better knowe it then by searching the ende, and learning by Logicke, what is the finall cause of euery thing.

¶ An example in commendation of
Iustice, or true dealing.

Iustice commended.

SO many as looke to liue in peaceable quietnesse, being minded rather to follow reason, then to be led by wilfull affection: desire Iustice in all things, without the which no countrey is able long to continue. Then may I be bolde to commende that, which all men wish, and fewe can haue, which all men loue, and none can want: not doubting, but as I am occupied in a good thing, so al good men will heare me with a good will. But would God I were so well able, to perswade all men to Iustice, as all men knowe the necessarie vse thereof: and then vndoubtedly, I would bee much bolder, and force some by violence, which by faire wordes cannot bee entreated. And yet what needes any perswasion for that thing, which by nature is so needfull, & by experience so profitable, that looke what we want, without Iustice we get not, looke what we haue: without Iustice wee keepe not. God graunt vs his grace so to worke in the hearts of al men, that they may aswell practise well doing in their owne life, as they would that other should followe Iustice in their life: I for my part will bestowe some labour, to set forth the goodnesse of vpright dealing, that all other men the rather may doe thereafter. That if through my wordes, GOD shall worke with any man, then may I thinke my selfe in happie case, and reioyce much in the trauaile of my witte. And how can it be otherwise, but that all men shalbe forced inwardly to

Iustice naturally in

euery one of vs.

allow that, which in outwarde act many doe not followe: seeing God powred first this lawe of nature, into mans heart, and graunted it as a meane, whereby wee might knowe his will, and (as I might saye) talke with him, grounding still his doinges vppon this poinct, that man should doe as he would bee done vnto, the which is nothing els, but to liue vprightly, without any will to hurt his neighbour. And therefore, hauing this light of Gods will opened vnto vs, through his mere goodnesse, we ought euermore, to referre all our actions vnto this ende, both in giuing iudgement, and deuising Lawes

Iustice what it is,

and how largely it

extendeth.

necessarie for mans life. And hereupon it is, that when men desire the Lawe, for triall of a matter, they meane nothing els but to haue Iustice, the which Iustice is a vertue that yeeldeth to euery man his owne: to the euer liuing God loue aboue all things: to the King obedience: to the inferiour good counsaile: to the poore man, mercy: to the hatefull and wicked, sufferaunce: to it self, trueth: and to all men, perfite peace and charitie. Now, what can be more saied, in praise of this vertue, or what thing can be like praised? Are not all things in good case, when all men haue their owne? And what other thing doth Iustice, but seeketh meanes to content all parties? Then how greatly are they to be praised, that meane truely in al their doinges, not onely doe no harme to any, but seeke meanes to helpe al. The Sunne is not so wonderfull to the world (saith Aristotle) as the iust dealing of

Aristotle.

a gouernour, is marueilous to all men. No, the earth yeeldeth no more gaine to all creatures, then doth the Iustice of a Magistrate, to his whole Realme. For by a Lawe, we liue, and take the fruites of the earth, but where no Lawe is, nor Iustice vsed: there nothing can bee had, though all thinges be at hand: for in hauing the thing, we shall lacke the vse, and liuing in great plentie, wee shall stande in great neede. The meane therefore, that maketh men to enioye their owne, is Iustice, the which being once taken away, all other thinges are lost with it, neither can any one saue that he hath, nor

Wrong dealing

deserueth death.

yet get that he wanteth. Therefore, if wrong doing should be borne withall, and not rather punished by death, what man could liue in rest? Who could bee sure either of his life, or of his liuing one whole day together? Now, because euery man desireth the preseruation of himselfe, euery man should in like case desire the sauegard of his neighbour. For if I should wholly minde myne owne ease, and followe gaine without respect, to the hinderaunce of myne euen Christian: why should not other vse the same libertie, and so euery man for himselfe, and the Deuill for vs al, catch that catch may? The which custome if all men followed, the earth would sone be voyd, for want of men one would be so greedy to eate vp an other. For in seeking to liue, wee would lose our liues, and in gaping after goodes, wee should soone goe naked. Therefore, to represse this rage, and with wholsome deuises to traine men in an order, GOD hath lightened man with knowledge, that in all thinges he may see what is right, and what

Iustice necessarie

for all men.

is wrong, and vpon good aduisement deale iustly with all men. God hath created all thinges for mans vse, and ordeined man, for mans sake, that one man might helpe an other. For though some one haue giftes more plentifully then the common sorte, yet no man can liue alone, without helpe of other. Therefore wee should striue one to helpe an other by iust dealing, some this way, and some that way, as euery one

From the lesse

to the greater.

shal haue neede, and as we shalbe alwaies best able, wherein the lawe of nature is fulfilled, and Gods commaundement followed. Wee loue them here in earth, that giue vs faire wordes, and wee can bee content, to speake well of them, that speake well of vs? and shall we not loue them, and take them also for honest men, which are contented from time to time, to yeeld euery man his owne, and rather would dye then consent to euill doing: If one be gentle in outward behauiour, we like him well, and shall we not esteeme him that is vpright in his outward liuing? And like as wee desire, that other should bee to vs, ought not wee to bee likewise,

Young Storkes.

affected towardes them? Euen among brute Beastes, nature hath appointed a lawe, and shall wee men liue without a lawe? The Storke being not able to feede her self for age, is fed of her young ones, wherein is declared a naturall loue, and shall wee so liue that one shall not loue an other? Man should be vnto man as a God, & shal man be vnto man as a deuil? Hath

Vnnaturalnesse in

man towards God.

God created vs, and made vs to his owne likenesse, enduing vs with all the riches of the earth, that wee might bee obedient to his will, and shall wee neither loue his, nor like his? How can we say that we loue God, if there be no charitie in vs? Doe I loue him, whose minde I will not followe, although it be right honest? If you loue me (sayth Christ) followe my Commaundements. Christes will is such, that wee should

Ihon xiiii.

Math. xix.

Mark. x.

Prouer. xvi.

Prouer. iiii.

Psal. xcvi.

Profite of Iustice.

loue God aboue all things, and our neighbour as our self. Then if we doe not iustice (wherein loue doth consist) we do neither loue man, nor yet loue God. The Wiseman saith: The beginning of a good life, is to doe Iustice. Yea, the blessing of the Lord, is vpon the head of the iust. Heauen is theirs (saith Dauid) that doe iustly from time to time. What els then shall we doe, that haue any hope of the generall resurrection, but doe the will of God, and liue iustly all the daies of our life? Let euery man, but consider with himselfe, what ease he shall finde thereby, and I doubt not, but euery one deepely waying the same, will in heart confesse, that Iustice maketh plentie, & that no man could long hold his own if lawes were not made, to restraine mans will. We trauaile now, Winter and Sommer, we watch and take thought, for maintenaunce of wife and children, assuredly purposing (that though God shall take vs immediatly) to

Sauegard had

by Iustice.

Gradation.

leaue honestly for our familie. Now, to what ende were all our gathering together, if iust dealing were set a side, if Lawes bare no rule, if that the wicked list, that they may, and what they may, that they can, and what they can, that they dare, & what they dare, the same they doe, & whatsoeuer they doe, no man of power is agreeued therwith? What maketh wicked men (which els would not) acknowledge the King as their soueraigne Lord, but the power of a law, & the practise of Iustice for euill doers? Could a Prince maintaine his state

The necessitie

of Iustice.

royall, if law and right had not prouided, that euery man should haue his owne? Would seruaunts obeye their maisters, the sonne his father, the Tenaunt his Landlord, the Citezein his Maior or Sherief if orders were not set, & iust dealing appointed for all states of men? Therfore, the true meaning folke in al ages giue themselues some to this occupation, and some to that, seking therin nothing els but to maintain a poore life, and to kepe themselues true men, both to GOD and the world. What maketh men to performe their bargaines, to stand to their promises, and yeeld their debtes, but an order of a law grounded vpon Iustice? Where right beareth rule,

Where iustice is

executed, vice is

exiled.

there craft is compted vice. The liar is much hated, where trueth is well esteemed. The wicked theeues are hanged, where good men are regarded. None can hold vp their heads, or dare shewe their faces, in a well ruled common weale, that are not thought honest, or at the least haue some honest way to liue. The Egiptians therefore, hauing a worthy and a wel gouerned commonweale, prouided that none should liue idly, but that euery one monthly should giue an accompt,

Egiptians, what order

they vsed to banish

idlenesse.

how he spent his time, and had his name regestred in a booke for the same purpose. But Lord, if this law were vsed in England, how many would come behind hand with their reckenings at the audite day. I feare me their doings would be such, that it would be long ere they got their quietus est. Therfore the worse is our state, the lesse that this euill is looked vnto. And surely, if in other thinges wee should bee as negligent, this Realme could not long stand. But thankes be to God, wee hang them a pace, that offend a lawe, and therefore, wee put it to their choyce, whether they wilbe idle, and so fall to stealing or no? they knowe their reward, goe to it when they wil. But if therewithal some good order were taken, for education of youth, and setting loyterers on worke (as thanks be to God, the Citie is most godly bent that way) all would sone be well, without all doubt. The wise and discrete persons in al ages, sought all meanes possible, to haue an order in all thinges, and loued by Iustice to direct all their doinges, whereby appeareth both an apt will in such men, and a naturall stirring by Gods power, to make all men

Iustice, easie to

be obserued if will

be not wanting.

good. Therefore if we do not well, we must blame our selues, that lack a will, & do not call to God for grace. For though it appere hard to do wel, because no man can get perfection, without continuance: yet assuredly to an humble mind that calleth to God, & to a willing heart that faine would do his best, nothing can be hard. God hath set al things to sale for labor, & keepeth open shop come who wil. Therefore in all ages, whereas we see the fewest good we must well thinke, the most did lacke good will to aske, or seeke for the same. Lord what loue had that worthie Prince Seleucus to maintaine Iustice, and to haue good lawes kept, of whom such a wonderfull thing is written. For whereas he established most wholesome lawes, for sauegard of the Locrensians, and his owne sonne thereupon taken in adultery, should lose both his eyes, according to the lawe then made, and yet notwithstanding, the whole Citie thought, to remit the necessitie of his punishment, for the honour of his father,

Valer. li. vi.

Seleucus would none of that in any wise. Yet at last, through importunitie being ouercome, he caused first one of his own eyes to be pluckt out, and next after, one of his sonnes eyes, leauing onely the vse of sight, to himselfe and his sonne. Thus through equitie of the law, he vsed the due meane of chastisement, shewing himselfe by a wonderfull temperature, both a mercifull father, and a iust law maker. Now happie are they that thus obserue a Lawe, thinking losse of bodie, lesse hurt to the man, then sparing of punishment, meete for the soule. For GOD will not faile them, that haue such a desire to followe his will, but for his promise sake, he will rewarde them for euer. And now, seing that Iustice naturally is giuen to al men, without the which he could not liue, being warned also by GOD, alwaies to doe vprightly, perceiuing againe the commodities, that redounde vnto vs, by liuing vnder a Lawe, and the sauegarde, wherein we stand, hauing Iustice to assist vs: I trust that not onely all men, will commend Iustice in worde, but also will liue iustly in deede, the which that we may doe: God graunt vs of his grace. Amen. ¶ An Oration deliberatiue.

Oration

deliberatiue.

AN Oration deliberatiue, is a meane, whereby we doe perswade, or disswade, entreate, or rebuke, exhorte, or dehort, commend, or comforte any man. In this kind of Oration, wee doe not purpose wholy to praise any bodie, nor yet to determine any matter in controuersie, but the whole compasse of this cause is, either to aduise our neighbour to that thing, which wee thinke most needefull for him, or els to call him backe from that follie, which hindereth much his estimation. As for example, if I would counsaile my friend to trauaile beyond the Seas, for knowledge of the tongues, and experience in forraine Countries: I might resort to this kinde of Oration, and finde matter to confirme my cause plentifully. And the reasons, which are commonly vsed to enlarge such matters, are these that followe.

{The thing is honest.		{Saufe.
{Profitable.		{Easie.
{Pleasaunt.		{Hard.
	{Lawfull and meete.
	{Praise worthie.
	{Necessarie.

Honestie comprehendeth

all vertues.

NOW in speaking of honestie, I may by deuision of the vertues make a large walke. Againe, looke what lawes, what customes, what worthie deedes, or sayinges haue been vsed heretofore, all these might serue well for the confirmation of this matter, lastly where honestie is called in to establish a cause: there is nature and GOD himselfe present, from

Profite how largely it

extendeth. Profite beareth

the name of goodnesse,

which is three folded.

whom commeth all goodnesse. In the seconde place, where I spake of profite, this is to be learned, that vnder the same is comprehended the getting of gaine, and the eschuing of harme. Againe, concerning profite (which also beareth the name of goodnesse) it partly perteineth to the bodie, as beautie, strength, and health, partly to the minde, as the encrease of witte, the getting of experience, and heaping together of much learning: and partly to fortune (as Philosophers take it) whereby both wealth, honour, and friends are gotten. Thus he that deuideth profite cannot want matter. Thirdly, in declaring it is pleasant, I might heape together

Pleasures, largely

set out.

the varietie of pleasures, which come by trauaile, first the sweetnesse of the tongue, the wholesomnes of the ayre in other Countries, the goodly wittes of the Gentlemen, the straunge and auncient buildings, the wonderfull Monuments, the great learned Clarkes in al faculties, with diuers otherlike, & almost infinite pleasures.

Easinesse of

trauaile.

The easinesse of trauaile, may thus be perswaded, if we shewe that free passage is by wholesome lawes appointed, for al straungers and way fairers. And seeing this life is none other thing but a trauell, and we as Pilgrimes, wander from place to place, much fondnesse it were to thinke that hard, which nature hath made easie, yea, and pleasaunt also. None are more healthfull, none more lustie, none more merrie, none more strong of bodie, then such as haue trauailed Countries.

Trauaile vnto whom

it is hard.

Mary vnto them, that had rather sleepe al day, then wake one houre (chosing for any labor, slothfull idlenesse) thinking this life to be none other, but a continuall resting place, vnto such pardie, it shall seeme painefull to abide any labour. To learne Logicke, to learne the Law, to some it seemeth so hard, that nothing can enter into their heades: and the reason is, that they want a will, and an earnest minde, to doe their endeuour.

Good will makes great

burdeines light.

For vnto a willing heart, nothing can be hard, lay lode on such a mans back and his good heart, may soner make his backe to ake, then his good will can graunt to yeeld, and refuse the weight. And now where the sweete hath his sower ioyned with him, it shalbe wisedome to speake somewhat of it, to mitigate the sowernesse thereof, as much as may be possible.

Lawefull.

That is lawfull and praise worthie, which Lawes doe graunt, good men doe allowe, experience commendeth, and men in all ages haue most vsed.

Necessary two

waies taken.

A thing is necessarie two maner of waies. First, when either wee must doe some one thing, or els doe worse. As if one should threaten a woman, to kill her if she would not lye with him, wherein appeareth a forcible necessitie. As touching trauaile we might say, either a man must bee ignoraunt of many good thinges, and want great experience, or els he must trauaile. Now to be ignoraunt, is a great shame, therefore to trauaile is most needfull, if we will auoyde shame. The other kind of necessitie is, when wee perswade men to beare those thinges paciently, when wee perswade men to beare those crosses paciently, which God doth send vs, considering, will we, or nill we, needes must we abide them.

¶ To aduise one, to studie the lawes of England.

Lawes of England.

AGaine, when we see our frend enclined to any kind of learning, we must counsaile him to take that way still, and by reason perswade him, that it were the meetest way for him to doe his Countrie most good. As if he giue his minde to the lawes of the Realme, and finde an aptnesse therunto, we may aduise him, to continue in his good entent, and by reason perswade him, that it were most meete for him so to do.

Vertues especiall &

chief, fower in number.

And first we might shewe him that the studie is honest and godly, considering it onely foloweth Iustice, and is grounded wholy vpon naturall reason. Wherein we might take a large scope, if we should fully speake of all thinges, that are comprehended vnder honestie. For he that will knowe what honestie is, must haue an vnderstanding, of all the vertues together. And because the knowledge of them is most necessarie, I will briefly set them forth. There are fower especiall and chief vertues, vnder whom all other are comprehended.

{Prudence, or wisedome.

{Iustice.

{Manhood.

{Temperaunce.

Prudence,

what it is.

PRudence, or wisedome (for I will here take them both for one) is a vertue that is occupied euermore in searching out the trueth. Now, we all loue knowledge, and haue a desire to passe other therin, and think it shame to be ignoraunt: and by studying the lawe, the trueth is gotten out, by knowing the trueth, wisedome is attained. Wherefore, in perswading one to studie the lawe, you may shewe him, that he shall get wisedome thereby. Vnder this vertue are comprehended.

{Memorie.

{Vnderstanding.

{Foresight.

Partes of Prudence.

THE memorie, calleth to accompt those things, that were done heretofore, and by a former remembraunce getteth an after wit, and learneth to auoyde deceipt.

Vnderstanding, seeth thinges presently done, and perceiueth what is in them, weighing and debating them, vntill his minde be fully contented.

Foresight, is a gathering by coniectures, what shall happen, and an euident perceiuing of thinges to come, before they doe come.

Iustice.

Iustice, what it is.

Iustice is a vertue, gathered by long space, giuing euery one his owne, minding in all thinges, the common profite of our Countrey, whereunto man is most bound and oweth his full obedience.

Now, Nature first taught man, to take this way, and would euery one so to doe vnto an other, as he would be doen vnto himselfe. For whereas Raine watereth al in like, the Sunne shineth indifferently ouer all, the fruite of the earth encreaseth equally. God warneth vs to bestowe our good will after the same sorte, doing as duetie bindeth vs, and as necessitie shall best require. Yea, God graunteth his giftes diuersly among men, because hee would man should knowe and feele, that man is borne for man, and that one hath neede of an other. And therefore though nature hath not stirred some, yet through the experience that man hath, concerning his commoditie:

Nature, what it is.

many haue turned the lawe of nature into an ordinarie custome, and followed the same as though they were bound to it by a law. Afterward, the wisedome of Princes, and the feare of Gods threate, which was vttered by his worde, forced men by a lawe, both to allowe things confirmed by nature, and to beare with old custome, or els they should not onely suffer in body temporall punishment, but also lose their soules for euer. Nature is a right that phantasie hath not framed, but God hath graffed and giuen man power thereunto, whereof these are deriued.

{Religion, and acknowledging of God.

{Naturall loue to our children, and other.

{Thankfulnesse to all men.

{Stoutnesse, both to withstand and reuenge.

{Reuerence to the superiour.

{Assured and constaunt trueth in things.

Religion.

REligion, is an humble worshipping of GOD, acknowledging him to be the creatour of Creatures, and the onely giuer of all good things.

Naturall loue.

Naturall loue, is an inward good will, that we beare to our parents, wife, children, or any other that be nigh of kinne vnto vs, stirred thereunto not onely by our flesh, thinking that like as we would loue our selues, so wee should loue them, but also by a likenesse of minde: and therefore generally we loue all, because all be like vnto vs, but yet we loue them most, that both in bodie and mynd be most like vnto vs. And hereby it commeth, that often we are liberall and bestowe our goodes vpon the needie, remembring that they are all one flesh with vs, and should not want when we haue it, without our great rebuke and token of our most vnkind dealing.

Thankefulnesse.

Thankfulnesse is a requiting of loue, for loue, and will, for will, shewing to our freendes, the like goodnesse that we finde in them: yea, striuing to passe them in kindnesse, losing neither time nor tide to doe them good.

Stoutnesse.

Stoutnesse to withstand and reuenge euil, is then vsed when either we are like to haue harme, & doe withstand it, or els when we haue suffered euill for the trueth sake, and thereupon doe reuenge it, or rather punish the euill, which is in the man.

Reuerence.

Reuerence, is an humblenesse in outward behauour, when we doe our duetie to them, that are our betters, or vnto such as are called to serue the King in some greate vocation.

Assured and

constant trueth.

Assured and constant trueth is, when we do beleeue that those things, which are, or haue bene, or hereafter are about to be, can not otherwise be, by any meanes possible.

Right by custome.

That is right by custome, which long time hath confirmed, being partly grounded vpon nature, & partly vpon reason, as where wee are taught by nature, to knowe the euer liuing God, and to worship him in spirite, we turning natures light, into blind custome, without Gods will, haue vsed at length

Custome with our

natures ground

vngodly.

to beleeue, that he was really with vs here in earth, and worshipped him not in spirite, but in Copes, in Candlesticks, in Belles, in Tapers, and in Censers, in Crosses, in Banners, in shauen Crownes, and long Gownes, and many good morowes els, deuised only by the phantasie of man, without the expresse will of God. The which childish toyes, time hath so long confirmed, that the trueth is scant able to trie them out, our hearts be so hard, and our wits be so far to seeke. Again, where we see by nature, that euery one should deale truely, custome encreaseth natures wil, & maketh by auncient demeane things to be iustly obserued, which nature hath appointed.

	{Bargaining.
As	{Commons, or equalitie.
	{Iudgement giuen.

BArgaining is, when two haue agreed for the sale of some one thing, the one will make his fellowe to stand to the bargaine though it be to his neighbours vndoing, resting vpon this point, that a bargaine is a bargaine, and must stande without all exception, although nature requireth to haue things doen by conscience, and would that bargaining should be builded vpon iustice, whereby an vpright dealing, and a charitable loue, is vttered amongst all men.

Commons.

Commons or equalitie, is when the people by long time haue a ground, or any such thing among them, the which some of them will keep still for custome sake, and not suffer it to be fenced, and so turned to pasture, though they might gaine ten times the value: but such stubburnesse in keeping of commons for custome sake, is not standing with Iustice, because it is holden against al right.

Iudgement giuen.

Iudgement giuen, is when a matter is confirmed by a Parliament, or a Lawe, determined by a Iudge, vnto the which many hedstrong men will stand to dye for it, without sufferaunce of any alteration, not remembring the circumstaunce of things, and that time altereth good actes.