GENERAL COMMENTS. THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND THE NOTION OF DEMOS IS THE SAME AT ATHENS AND AT SPARTA, BUT THE MANNER IN WHICH IT IS DEFINED VARIES CONSIDERABLY (THE PROBLEM OF RULE). NOTE THE HOMOIOI AS EQUALS AT SPARTA; AT ATHENS ALL WHO COULD ARM THEMSELVES WERE MEMBERS FO THE DEMOS, BUT THOSE WHO HAD MORE RESOURCES ALSO HAD GREATER PRIVILEGES. HENCE THE MIDDLE AT ATHENS IS MUCH LARGER AND MORE DIVERSE. STILL INCLUSION AND COMPROMISE WORKED IN BOTH PLACES.

WHAT THE USE OF EVIDENCE IN YOUR REPORTS.

Group : Ava G, Brian H, Cameron B, Carly B, Drew E

In Athens the 'middle' was the merchant class, those who had moveable/varied wealth, as opposed to the landed wealth of the agrarian aristocracy. Most of the agrarian land owners viewed merchants with disdain, akin to the modern disdain of used car salesmen - dishonesty was viewed as inherent in their profession.

The Demos made up the narrow middle of Sparta: roughly 1 in 100 able-bodied, landed men, able and willing to fight and die for the state. They maintained this narrow middle through inclusion in the political process (two kings, etc) and the emphasis on inclusion and compromise.

Tyranny often arose in commercial cities, mainly port towns, where there was a substantial population of the middle. This emerging middle acquired moveable wealth through merchant trade. They played a large economic role, but were politically disenchfranchised and disrespected among the agrarian aristocrats due to a perceived dishonesty inherent in their profession. However, they were able to purchase their own arms and thus they carried the responsibilities/burden of defending the state without having access to the privileges that generally followed.

Because of their political disenfranchisement, the 'middle' was useful to potential tyrants who promised political privileges in return for the middle's support of coup d'etat. THE ATHENIAN MIDDLE ALSO INVOLVED SMALL LANDHOLDERS, TRY TO MAKE USE OF SOME OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR CASE. NOTE THAT THE MAP PROVIDES GOOD INFORMATIONS TO SUPPORT THE COMMERCIAL BASIS FOR TYRANY. THE 3RD PARAGRAPHY IS PARTICULARLY GOOD

Group : Lindsey B., Cassie T., Jena R., Kat C., Megan W.

The "middle" in Sparta consisted of the citizen soldiers or the demos. In theory, each member of this group was "equal" because each member was granted an equal share in land of the territory. Meanwhile, in Athens, the "middle" was still understood as the demos but within that group, there were four class groups. This allowed for the inclusion of a broader group, including those with moveable wealth. Solon created compromise within the Athenian demos by instituting reforms that gave the demos "as much privelege as they have a right to" but also gave "those who held power and were envied for their wealth...that they should have no cause for complaint." This is illustrated in the chart of Solon's constitution. Meanwhile at Sparta, landed wealth was the key factor (in addition to the ability to defend the polis) in acceptance into the demos. VERY WELL DONE, BUT NOTE HOW THE CHART PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR THE NOTION OF THE MIDDLE AT ATHENS.

A tryant would arise in moments when there is oppression in the current governing system and particularly in areas of trade which have mixed economies of landed and moveable wealth. Usually, this was a member of the aristocratic class who was in disagreement with his group. Ultimately, his actions would be understood to help, increase, and protect the demos. This is demonstrated in the Plato quote that follows: "This and no other is the root from which the tyrant spring, when he first appears he is a protector." For instance, the reforms brought about by Draco, in stating that a share in the demos would be provided to those who could provide their own arms and armor ultimately lead to a widening of the demos/ strengthening of the "middle" that continued in the reforms of Solon. ON THE WHOLE WELL DONE AND WITH A GOOD MIX OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE.

Group : Markie M, Brandon M, Lindsay S, Armand S.

The middle class of Athens was composed of the ever increasing group of non- agrarian individuals who had moveable wealth as opposed to the large land holding class or Eupatridae. This new status allowed more individuals to participate in the warrior class or Hoplite line because they where capable of arming themselves because as Draco states, "A share in the politei (state) had been given only to those who provided their own arms and armour...". However, this enlarged "middle" in Athens does not mean there was an equality in representation, more people made up the Demos but their level of participation was reflective of their wealth and therefore in theory their responsibilities.

Due to the lack of economic diversity in Sparta the "middle" was more restrictive then it was in the economic structure of Athens. This was due to the fact that wealth and therefore the ability to participate in the Demos was exclusive to the large landholder. Aristotle found the middle in Spartan society to have the most essential role, "And this [the middle] is the class of citizens which is most secure in a state...they do not covet other men's goods, nor do others covet theirs, they do not plot, nor are they plotted against...thus it is manifest that the best political community is formed by citizens of the middle class and that those states are likely to be well-administered in which the middle is larger and stronger...than both other classes."

Tyrrany in Athenian and Spartan society stemmed from an attempt to enhance and protect the demos. Plato stated about a tyrant's role, "This and no other is the root from which the tyrant springs, when he first appears he is a protector." They were meant to be a temporary political agent of change for the inclusion of the emerging warrior class in the political spectrum. WELL STATED AND WITH EFFECTIVE USE OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE. BE CAREFUL THAT MIDDLE AT ATHENS IS INDEED THE DEMOS, BUT IT IS NOT THE STATISTICAL MIDDLE OF SPARTAN SOCIETY; WHAT MAKES IT UNIQUE IS THAT ALL MEMBERS HAVE THE SAME SIZE KLAROS.

Group : Matt T, Candice H, Alyssa G

The demos, the middle group of Athens and Sparta, was not uniform, but gradually grew to contain a diversity of people, both of landed and moveable wealth. The middle group according to Aristotle "the class of citizens which is most secure in a state...they do not plot, nor are they plotted against..those states are likely to be well-administered in which the middle is larger and stronger." THIS CITATION REFERS TO STABLILITY IN THE STATE;

In Sparta, they demos consisted of those given klaros, but this comprised a narrowed constituency, but they all had equal political power. In Athens, the term demos took on a broader sense including anyone who could bare arms, as Draco described "a share in the politeia had been given only to those who provided their own arms and armor", but the demos consisted of a range of classes, with inequality in political power. Privileges varied based on the level of acceptance of responsibility. NOTE HOW THE CHART PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR THIS DIVISION.

Tyrants were able to promote reforms by being "protectors [of the demos]", promising politcal inclusion to the demos in exchange for tyrannical power. Instituting laws, like the Draconian Code guaranteed a protection of the demos against the arbitrary actions of the Eupatridae. Solon also expanded the included population involved in the polis, separating them into classes based on their level of reponsibility, and giving them varied levels of privileges accordingly. He "gave the demos as much privilege as they have a right to...neither given excessive freedom nor put to restraint." Under the reforms of Solon, the citizen was defined as one who could bear arms, had the right to vote, to legislate, and to be free of enslavement for debt. VERY WELL STATED HERE AND GOOD USE OF EVIDENCE.

Group : Nini V. Marco V. Todd S. Sean K.

In Sparta the 'middle' or demos, consisted of a more narrow similar group of warriors who had similar sized estates. The narrow field of the demos made the men more equal. But inclusion in the demos was limited. In Athens the demos was more inclusive but because of that there was a greater variety in the status and therefore the equality and responsibility within demos. According to Plato, the tyrant appealed to those "in the middle" for the following reason: "This and no other is the root from which the tyrant springs, when he first appears he is a protector (of the demos)." First and foremost the tyrants appeared as a protector of the demos by promising political inclusion to those who had commercial and/or moveable wealth. They served the democratic character by facilitating the expansion of the demos in a structured way. The tyrants made entry into the demos more inclusive by allowing those who had the capital to buy the armor and train for the army to participate in the government. VERY WELL STATED, SUPPORTING EVIDENCE NEEDED FOR SOME POINTS, AND REFERENCE TO THE CHART WILL DO

Group : Oliver Gahlsdorf, Kelli Burris, Jaclyn Theoharis, Joel Chown

The middle classes of Sparta and Athens were made up of different types subjects. The middle class of Sparta included the majority of the society OF THE DEMOS??. All Spartans were equal therefore they were all apart of the middle class. They all were given and owned their own land. Material wealth was not accepted in Sparta which placed all Spartians in the same class. The exception to this would be the 2 kings of Sparta as well as the counsel of elders. The kings and counsel of elders were given more power to control their state. THIS PARAGRAPH COULD BE IMPROVED, THE MIDDLE GIVEN FOR SPARTA IS NOT THE SAME AS A MIDDLE CLASS, AND REPRESENTED A SMALL PROPORTION OF THE WHOLE.

Athens was made up up four classes. These classes were based on wealth and service to the state. The benifits of the classes allow for greater participation in the govnerment. The lower classes could only participate in the assembly. The middle classes had the prividleges of the assembly and the counsel of 400. The middle class could not paticapate could move on and be of the Archons. The middle class had a greater ability to participate than the lower class but less ability than the upper class. GOOD, BUT REFERENCE THE CHART.

Tyranny promoted democracy in that tyrants were for the people and the demos. The tyrants allowed economoic growth by helping citizens get more freedom. A tyrant encouraged loyalty to the state by prooviding citizens with wealth and power. It also provided loyalty by disassembling the clans and made them loyal to the state. Although the tyrants may not have obtained power through a democratic practice tyrants promoted democracy by giving power and wealth to the people throguh institutions of constitutional government. GOOD BUT NEEDS SOME SUPPORT.

Group : Rachel R., Natalie S., Amy H., Steve P.

The demos is much more narrow in Sparta than in Athens. In Sparta the middle included homoioi, given a klaros estate with helot serfs. These homoioi were the warrior band who were not allowed to participate in commerce or trade. The demos in Sparta consisted only of the homoioi, while perioeci, those who dwell around, chose not to participate. The demos belonged to the state, but were also considered the state themselves. In Athens, the middle were traders, participating in their commercial area. This allowed for more moveable wealth which differed from the Spartans' landed wealth. In Athens, to participate in government was based on the wealth/service potential, as stated by Solon. The middle consisted of those who had the funding to buy arms. Those with greater wealth had greater privileges but also greater responsibilities in Athens, whereas in Sparta the demos shared privileges as well as responsibility based on the equality of the homoioi. Supposedly the wealth among the Spartans was all the same because the wealth was based on their land, which was supposed to be equal among men. GOOD BUT DO REFERERNCE THE CHART

The Spartans were terrified of tyranny. Tyranny was allowed to come about when the demos felt they were being oppressed by the oligarchy and aristocracy. The tyrant offered a pretense of protection for the demos and increase in power, but ultimately only seeked to serve himself. Because the tyrant seemed to take the role a promoter of the demos, constitutional reforms came about because of the need for written laws and voting power as the general power of the people increased. Tyranny most often developed in cities along major trade routes, and those that dealt extensively in trade such as Athens. This was one of the reasons that tyranny was more prevalent in Athens than in Sparta. The Spartans so detested tyranny that they often were the ones who helped to expel the tyrants from their places of rule. GOOD, AND WE WILL DISCUSS THIS THEME FURTHER ON TU.

Group : gabe lee, rachel ewing, nat levy, andrew juul, zach B

The Spartan "middle" incorporated the warriors who were fully-fledged citizens (demos), for whom much of the law reforms were designed. This class was composed of landowners (equal plots of land were divided by the State amongst these citizens), who made up one hundreth of the Spartan population. Their occupation was solely as voters and defenders of the state, and therefore were not required to work their own lands. GOOD

The Athenian "middle" was also the majority of the demos. These stable landowners were also required as frontline defenders, which required the purchase of one's own arms and armor. As opposed to the Spartan "middle," approximately one in twenty Athenians could claim citizenship through the new law reforms. Solon's reforms benefited the wealthy portion of the "middle," allowing more political power to those who were more able to provide military service. Through this system, specifically his grouped assembly and council of 400, Solon was able to incorporate more compromise into the political realm of Athens. BUT NOT WITH EQUAL PRIVILEGES

Because the tyrant had to appeal to the disenfranchised classes in order to gain support to overthrow established aristocracy, the demos was expanded and given more political reform, allowing more citizens to participate in the democratic process. By appealing to more citizens, the tyrant includes more reforms promote democracy, if even in a primitive state. Expansion through the tyrant enforces written constitutional law, thus the rights of the demos were solidified.

Group : Joshua Weinstein

Regarding the people in the "middle" of sparta, spartans were all in effect equal in that they all shared wealth and land. Hereby, there was no exact "middle" class as everyone shared in the wealth of the state and shared a common life. This is displayed through Xenophon's explanation: "why, indeed, should one seek to gain wealth in a country where he prescribed that one should make equal contributions of food and enjoy a common life style, in order to eliminate the urge for wealth and a life of pleasure? Nor is it necessary to make money [...]" (Xenophon, ESHAG)

In Athens, the middle class was represented as the basis of stability. According to Aristotles, the role of the middle is as follows: "And this [the middle] is the class of citizens which is most secure in a state...they do not covet other men's goods, nor do others covet theirs, they do not plot, nor are they plotted against...thus it is manifest that the best political community is formed by citizens of the middle class and that those states are likely to be well-administered in which the middle is larger and stronger...than both other classes" Hereby, the middle class is a class allows for more unity as they are content with what they have and have less dissent.

Regarding tyranny and how it promotes constitutional reform, tyrant facilitation the structuree of the demos in that they furthered the demos power and priveleges. In this sense, the tyrants represent an expansion of political rights.

Tyrants at first are dissident member of the aristocracy who wants to give inclusion to the others. He turns to the politically important but disinfrachised group, and they help bring him to power. The tyrant uses his position to incorportate these new people into the former structure of government. "he added the entire demos to his body of supporters and aim was to mix them (citizens) up, that more of them might have a share in the polititeia . ACG 76

GOOD, BUT DO WORK IN A GROUP NEXT TIME.