Orthography vs. Phonetic Alphabet
English
Orthography Actual Sound
Many
to one mapping
to, too, two [tu]
through, threw [Tru]
clue, shoe, suit, coup [u]
One
to many mapping
dad, father, sofa, many a [Q
A I]
character, charter ch [k c&]
sign, pleasure, resign s [s z& z]
More
than one letter one sound
character [k], tough [f], thorough [o],
deal [i]
One
letter more than one sound
exit [ks]
1-to-1
correspondence between sound and symbol
Symbols
can be used for all languages
International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) first published 1888
Properties of Phonetic
Sounds
|
Voiced (vocal folds vibrating) |
vs. |
Voiceless (vocal folds open) |
|
zzzz |
|
ssss |
|
vvvv |
|
ffff |
Bilabial
[p b m w]
Labiodental
[f v]
Dental
[T D]
Alveolar
[t d s z n l r]
Alveo-palatal
[s& z& c& j& y]
Velar
[k g N]
Glottal
[h]
Stops
[p b t d k g]
Fricatives
[f v T D s z s& z&]
Affricates
[c& j&]
Nasals
[m n N]
Approximants
[w l r y h]
|
|
Bilabial |
Labio- dental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Alveo- palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
|
Stop |
p b |
|
|
t d |
|
k g |
|
|
Fricative |
|
f v |
T D |
s z |
s& z& |
|
|
|
Affricate |
|
|
|
|
c& j& |
|
|
|
Nasal |
m |
|
|
n |
|
N |
|
|
Approximant |
w |
|
|
l, r |
y |
|
h |
Some extra symbols:
Glottal stop [?]
The flap [R]
|
Pit |
|
|
cat |
|
|
sheep |
|
|
house |
|
|
yellow |
|
|
jeep |
|
|
there |
|
|
very |
|
|
thank |
|
|
chip |
|
|
soak |
|
|
mouth |
|
|
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
|
High |
i I |
|
u U |
|
Mid |
e E |
|
o () |
|
Low |
Q |
|
a |
Diphthongs: [ay] [aw] [y]
Examples :
|
[i] he |
|
[u] who |
|
[I] hid |
|
[U] hood |
|
[e] hay |
[] ahead, hut |
[o] hoe |
|
[E] head |
|
|
|
[Q] had |
|
[a] hot |
|
[ay] hi |
[aw] how |
[y] ahoy |
Transcription Practice
|
pass |
ice |
loss |
root |
sight |
do |
|
shoes |
daze |
though |
jeep |
about |
knifed |
|
judge |
yellow |
Italy |
children |
look |
coughs |