Midterm Review

LING 540/440 Fall 2003 Guion

1. Language Varieties

Language vs. Dialect

Standard vs. Nonstandard Varieties

Regional and Social Dialects

2. Phonetics

Orthography vs. Phonetic Alphabet

Phonetic Symbols for English

Voicing, Place, and Manner of Consonants

Height, Frontedness, Roundness and Tenseness of Vowels

3. Phonology

Phonemes and Allophones

Types of Co-articulation Effects

Syllable Structure

4. Social Aspects of SLA

Theories of Stylistic Variation

• Stylistic Continuum (Tarone)
• Accommodation Theory (Giles)
• Variability in IL (Tarone)
• Relation of attention to task and accuracy
• Implications for L2 testing

Acculturation Model (Schumann)

• Pidginization and L2 acquisition
• Factors contributing to Acculturation

5. Input and Interaction in SLA

Behaviorist vs. Mentalist vs. Interactionist views on input

Types of input L2 learners receive

Negotiation of Meaning

The Input Hypothesis (Krashen)

• The 5 hypotheses
• Application to the classroom

The Interaction Hypothesis (Long)

• Facilitative vs. impeding aspect of interaction

The notion of Scaffolding (Hatch)

6. Morphology

Morphemes and Allomorphs

Bound vs. Free

Inflectional vs. Derivational (for Bound)

Lexical vs. Functional (for Free)

Word Formation Processes

7. Syntax

• Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar
• Generative Grammar:
• PS rules à Deep Structure à Transformations à Surface Structure
• Phrase Structure Rules
• Tree Diagrams

Syntax Review

Consider the following set of phrase structure (PS) rules.

S à NP VP

NP à (art) N

VPà V (adv)

Draw tree structures for the following sentences generated by the PS rules:

Students study regularly.

They boys play roughly.

Robin studies.

Now, consider the following sentences. For each sentence, determine if the above PS rules will generate it. If the SP rules will not generate it, propose a revision to the PS rules and then draw a tree structure for the sentence. If the above PS rules will generate it you do not need to draw a tree.

The diligent students work hard.

The girls took the test.

The linguists love really weird sentences.

Children learn easily.

Morphology Review

For each word decide:

1. How many morphemes

2. Whether the morphemes are bound or free

3. Whether the bound morphemes are inflectional or derivational

4. Whether the free morphemes are lexical or functional

Classroom

Peaches

Inexorable

Tricycle

Gangster

Preacher

Lovelier

Runs

Automobile

Violinist

Symphonies

Taken

Misanthropic

Car insurance

Sally’s

Talk show host

unlocking