Study Sheet for Midterm
LING 511/411 Winter 2006
The Larynx
- Cartilage
& vocal fold morphology and articulation
- The
process of phonation
- Effects
on frequency of vocal fold vibration
- The
Bernoulli effect
- Uses for
pitch variation in language
Sound Waves
- Definitions
for Amplitude, Cycle, Period, Frequency, Damping
- Sine
wave vs. complex wave
- Particle
vibration and sound wave propagation in Air
- Periodic
vs. aperiodic wave forms
- The
product of Fourier analysis
- Harmonics
of periodic and aperiodic waves
- Properties
of the Decibel scale
Vowel Production
- Muscles
used in vowel production: Where
they are connected and their function
English Vowels
- IPA
symbols for English Vowels (Close to Open, Front to Back, rounded or unrounded)
- Be
able to transcribe American English vowels from written English words (I
will pronounce the word for students who are unfamiliar with a word or are
unsure of the pronunciation)
Acoustic Theory of Speech Production
- Source
& Filter Theory
- fn
= [(2n-1) c]/4l Formula for calculating the resonant
frequencies of a tube closed at one end and open at the other (Odd-Quarter
Wavelength relationship)
- Spectral
characteristics of the laryngeal source
- Effect
of transfer function of the vocal tract on the laryngeal source
- Radiation
characteristics of the mouth
Acoustics of Vowel Production
- General
relationships between vocal tract configurations and acoustic effects
(Height and frontedness relations to F1 and F2)
- Perturbation
Theory
- Effect
of constriction at volume velocity maximum, at volume velocity minimum
- Be
able to apply Perturbation Theory to Formants given figures like K&R
2-13 and 2-15
English Consonants
- IPA
symbol of all English consonants
- Place,
manner and voicing of each consonant
- Be
able to transcribe English consonants from written words.
Stop, Fricative & Affricate Acoustics
- Effect
of consonant place on surrounding vowel formants
- Relationship
to Perturbation Theory
- Production
of Turbulence
- Types
of sound source generation for fricatives
- Source
& Filter theory applied to fricatives
- Effect
of anterior cavity in filtration
- Characteristic
spectral (or spectrographic) traits for fricatives of different places
- Stop
bursts and pole of anterior cavity
- VOT
and stops
Nasal, Approximate and Lateral Acoustics
- Effect
of zeros on nasal consonants and [l]
- Acoustic
characteristics of [¨]
- Formant
structure for [j] and [w]
Be able to attempt to identify elements in a spectrogram
with reasonable and justified guesses.