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BZ-!|>|3`,%if2D"jU|>D,+BhU@5K?:: cccr/UUcfX4#tzݻwBbp,K$j5|jǏ3LPH$t˗/sss^ K*9f4̫+ɤvݏ= RIaǕb(PU5 jl6zeA9!xaTr:>r"͝|U\ٱ~_U@ `tXt\f6ͬAUj:99); lfv7 T@*1.@6_;"U`AW G HHЎ,ht{-b/t[\33uZ T6pH`nj5'Ბ*2]w% *b7akT57Tq͑*?wz XTµdMHO]aNe#Uhx)e܍O{>.Y-J_"U5 #qHY A Uk*5H ` RXTAQk=#IENDB`    U,b$qPlPT"acp@c $@kuʚ;2Nʚ;g4dds %m ppp@  <4BdBd`ʚ;ph___PPT2001D<4X? %5Behavior ExplanationsPerception: registering a behavior Description: classifying behavior under a category Explanation: relating behavior to its generating factors (causes, reasons, etc.); making sense of it, finding meaning@2Variants of Explanations Communicative explanations I did my senior research paper in high school on homophobia because it was just interesting. Why did you give your grandmother a tour of your sorority?   Cause I wanted her to see my house and where I live and I wanted her to like it. Private explanations [explaining why she didn t do her English homework] I thought I could do it at lunch, but I guess not because I have to do this chemistry lab. I can t tell my mom, because she wouldn t let me work anymore. Implicit causal inferencesx=!=5f'(Wellman et al. (1997)Cognitive core domains (reasoning systems): Folk physics Folk biology Folk psychology Three different explanation types? Different sets of causes, causal mechanisms for different content domains; some age differences But are psychological processes different? How can we distinguish different  modes of explanation ? Study Exhibit 1.4,*$K,*$`  ?   Kalish (1998)FDomains of folk physics vs. folk psychology But slightly different distinction: understanding of intentional vs. physical mechanisms Examined grasp of two kinds of laws: physical and social (automatic vs. voluntary conformity)  Of particular interest is whether children distinguish two different processes; voluntary conformity based on reasons and mental (intentional) causes, and automatic conformity based on physical causes and (natural) necessity. Younger (3:0 4:1), older (4:7 4:11) children Stories; agent wants to perform action; (Study 1) Can he? How?/Why not? (Study 2, 3) Will he? Why not? Do they  tolerate violations? Do they differentiate causal mechanisms?nZZZa j>SZHistory of Attribution ResearchrFritz Heider (1958) Overall goal: ordinary people s conceptual framework of mind and action Major concepts (disposition; personal/impersonal causality) Misunderstanding: person vs. situation In explaining  action outcomes (enabling factor explanations) In explaining events via impersonal causes Jones and Davis (1965) Two papers: the first two pages (on reasons for acting); the rest (when perceivers infer traits from single behaviors) Cottage industry on trait inference (correspondence bias, fundamental attrib. error) No account of intentional action explanationnZZjZ0Z(Zj ,IgHistory of Attribution ResearchKelley (1967) Two ingredients: person-situation distinction & covariation assessment Problems: theory only applies smoothly to unintentional events (no account of intentional action explanation); covariation assessment is rare<SS Desiderata for a new theoryProvide comprehensive model of people s conceptual framework for mind and behavior Adopt valid elements from previous attribution theories Present an account of intentional action explanation Make theory sensitive to explanations as communicative acts "@2@2 Conceptual framework  Reason ExplanationsWhy did you go running?  Um, because I wanted to get in better shape, and ... I figured that I can do that by going running every day. Targeting the mental states (beliefs, desires) that the agent actually considered when deciding to act Subjectivity rule Rationality rule Reason explanations are different from cause explanations: Anne studied for the test all day because she wanted to do well. [reason] Anne was worrying about the test results because she wanted to do well. [cause]  @g0_-#Z;0#pZn& 7g#'!    6          [continued]Reason explanations are different from Causal History of Reason (CHR) Explanations: She hired Smith because he was the best candidate for the job [reason], though she was considerably affected by her unacknowledged racism [CHR]. Defining CHRs They have no subjectivity and no rationality assumption They cite factors that preceded the agent s reasons (but were not reasons) They cite factors such as personality, culture, context, unconscious forces, etc. Why was Nina using drugs?  She was at a party. Why does Ian work so much?  Things are expensive around here. Why do Japanese businessmen work so much?  It s part of their culture. TZnP8PFKPZSZ0pZ?pFHFZ'-%3O +S   , #Why did the chicken cross the road?$#(   Features of ReasonsNTypes of Reasons: desires, (valuings), beliefs Why did he tease him? (D) & because he wanted to make the other kids laugh (V) & because he disliked the way the person looked (B) & because he thought that the boy was too feminine Mental State Markers Why did Anne water her plants with Vitamin B?  because she wants them to grow faster [marked D]  so they ll grow faster [unmarked D]  because she thinks they ll grow faster [marked B]  because they ll grow faster ) [unmarked B] Reason content Can be coded as about person/agent, situation, etc. En4niZ.ZnZ5Z0/2.  (  + " 5'  Findings IActors offer more reason explanations (vs. CHR explanations) than do observers Even true for observers who have more knowledge Disappears if observers are instructed to put the actor in a positive light Everybody offers more CHR explanations for negative than for positive actions Explanations of whole groups contain more CHR explanations than explanations of individual agents Only true for aggregate groups (CHRs are parsimonious)O|7*|R(7'  Findings IIEnabling factor explanations are very rare for social behavior. They increase when They behavior is difficult The question is  How was this possible? not  Why Belief reasons are used more often than desire reasons by actors (vs. observers) when presenting the agent/self in a rational light Mental state markers are omitted By actors, especially in casual contexts When observers agree with actor s reasons ( She thinks she s been gaining weight vs.  She s been gaining weight ) UZNZ70Z(MZ!0Z()ZsxZ8N)M )  s, z  ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғq>9y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴` 5:޾HSf3f>?" dd@,|?" dd@  " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   L(    6    T Click to edit Master title style! !B  0 <$<  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``<$<  P*   0@ `<$<   R*   0  ` <$<  R* H  0޽h ? p&Sf3f $Blank Presentation  0$(  r  S t    r  S  ~   H  0޽h ? 33  @ *( TL+  r  S    x  c $`~  H  0޽h ? 33  P$(  r  S @~   r  S ~  H  0޽h ? 33  ` $( I  r  S `~   r  S ~  H  0޽h ? 33  p$( j r  S ~   r  S ~`  H  0޽h ? 33  *(  x  c $~   r  S ~ 0  H  0޽h ? 33  $(  r  S @~   r  S ~  H  0޽h ? 33  f^$( | $r $ S  ~   | $ <A?   $ 0~0 `0Intentional action and its modes of explanation:1 21H $ 0޽h ? 33  (( | (r ( S v    l ( C ~  H ( 0޽h ? 33  0(  I 0r 0 S `   l 0 C P``  H 0 0޽h ? 33t  $T4(  4r 4 S 0b   r  T4#"2&]  4 6a?"u  Darwin: Chickens, over great periods of time, have been naturally selected in such a way that they are now genetically disposed to cross roads.  @`   4 6b?"s u  <Hippocrates: Because of an excess of phlegm in its pancreas. = 2 @`  4 6Pc?"z s  7Aristotle: It is the nature of chickens to cross roads. 8 / @`  4 6d?" z  sCAUSAL HISTORY EXPLANATIONS&0 @` 4 60e?"  x&Ernest Hemingway: To die. In the rain. ' @` 4 6Pf?" nPlato: For the greater good.  @` 4 6pg?"Q ECaptain James T. Kirk: To boldly go where no chicken has gone before. F0 @` 4 60h?"Q bREASON EXPLANATIONS 0 @`nB  4 01 ?"nB 4 01 ?"nB 4 01 ?"QnB 4 01 ?"QnB A4 01 ?"QnB B4 01 ?"QnB C4 01 ?"nB D4 01 ?"nB E4 01 ?" nB F4 01 ?" nB G4 01 ?" z nB H4 01 ?" z nB I4 01 ?"z s nB J4 01 ?"z s nB K4 01 ?"s u nB L4 01 ?"s u nB M4 01 ?"u nB N4 01 ?"u hB Q4 s *1 ?"QQZB S4 s *1 ?z z H 4 0޽h ? 33  ,$(  ,r , S i   r , S j 0  H , 0޽h ? 33  8$(  8r 8 S k   r 8 S k  H 8 0޽h ? 33   <$(  <r < S    r < S `t   H < 0޽h ? 33cxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&V