ࡱ> ML  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~RdO)U@PicturesgPowerPoint Document(${SummaryInformation(N$ +(   "Gergely8$Phillips & Wellman$Woodward Document Word.Document.80.Microsoft Word Documentd Preach over a barrier and grasp an object T_pbJ6E׾xFY'-x[y|T~&$ Yܮ(n[*uiEm HdJiŽVEĪPwU@5/ B -$, d=9$$fYYyɽCƳqv4 ? o|M*ט؋t*mtk~r4dZF8 e8ֺ[Z/oeSZ~_ Cʳɘ6wRݽC=!PqXhh)Yi~~Vփi|YYVntGgoniɽ {2gdyyfR$^>iިN>V^)F)̌ZߵcՌ=4@{ }Jw_z|ג[S)wꕒ<'- `DuJMn2ԴA&ޖd;#oNRibbIҾ!Vg+77DjX"'Z*<<'Kj+3m$f_+k0jo ZVfKjC3bv0 X&T92 %>=07ʟ;#k7sǮX{YY<5-NXcK(29`Y7*v`YDozhpfk̴Kik{xTs cӔRha 状6!HDAe#nŕhJƈ p+:E̊hmodLJܔ7U |MnOϲRp3{"Uh\EI%Nhz@IQ'4;N1G x9L!  _A @h@=)%v7K\; \ X\QLVWj \]HM- pF;6q=y:輎@!pj7"pJ pr/#pRw~K9~k/$~:3@9~67x`O'i~5xh _M&}'xd_%GxSo?&G~oGc zǿ%o|'c5'zԝ_o'0>%0gt#0&0Xt?"r~@; , ,[ v!3N:X# |w l@6]Cjr+ lmG Rqu nK ${ZۊD[(O PO@ p8/5'pQNF8ՔT6!P՘@u#AV~+QU\# ߑ3q|  >JD D*=Uv<ĸT3.o1ZZ%lm$ZB[t2J\-b*q6>SS̹Jܠͥ"zWnҟM`XJvmݒ7[b 7yLVאM=~A(3ŘMajY#l;P֡h #5mԯxh亚&QIC&n`szZZRjuҞEOؐ {QE]&Nk$*Ut{8<:,ĥn[M*jNU<[NN9~NmBӥ8N Xc#e"o-l!HQnԿc)Kc(:lWIm)]=h Ơ~hV 1L9d6u $aUGqb,ŰUg|p1k*`O1M?JPrU]NqOԐxJįEܡ<-$qa)ƝxPbIc:ו4_]$ęQ"1aq3zSKwiHT5LR*eJEZji\\e ?mѼH '{K咽eVɎ9I[ȠجYJYFA[M|΢oO~VJ61(J#JPidz)miav Z}4dhS5Xr"lʝ8%pH45,TڒP=ER*{b[މBnYMre)%vCfqeE*er5t9SꦫD|LkWpR;U1ì4`j!sT@*: S )Xm䒄X.ERjT_qq^ V5 MCfd2yRYtHº>CL 03K;d.̧aYXVo`XVf*VܼUX yN#RBpXB&AH/^)oPF*Z()m-YK}i~=OvhxH{ 1y-d"BF-I =d(?Òoې<\@4Ǽdfn]wQ\n=t"EܫԻU;->XlޢiT=z"V+xO͐t0U6MMLmd=5Ჭb[ S-*DUy]yCv5>~Fۛ.XyHkN762TTيjz*vK_+6̴!K*iUO`-TWܩ岶aYWR ͺk?b9"`9]bE~B}9,7(i['^g`& Mp%ưY.}%y፞'q!i4G^KM9z!!EH*WeF/ /#yGCTP 8L:(F/Q_Ueʐ1˕hHKƬPAj߃%}xmd}x-Gu14d}}v2v\n-'n:݆ITf-/)!^ҩi{N"\餫)O1`lWgs[&.!\U:0t߯Ci֣E ̩}*W)mgІ,#׸utS2cג {$àaxRc{17lb#i׀fk8ߕ:qLm1JJ=Nª۽'Ӈ6JrL Nj] dۜyXEh/Hғ$Q/Ixs=y}׃}[zt7iY+3(Ҫm)V۸"F=z3X/mw3Am:~8zBnV36Hէ}b.DVSꪐ&Yަ^VgՔ[PBxwbc[>D'Q$(i#X,fX“v):hE"p3 # viA] H4$zƀ=K>˸8hE [mP!4@#fQ  DY9ciSAHa))ZO;e6l'*eyg=bAŘk%9LPU8ܞ-b6)&ea{z@9O+4$a#\ZTUR}W[/f3Y/QAxc.2OqS\LR_)PkӈDyWT hK+P>iJ2mSMJB8ws6CgIh[*dQps[rlΈV/d3F{[B~*A+[RAWRg%%3I N*[~}鵘ZPK :WɬG x|EP#ʲ!?L9}&zuPZ/r2'B<ܐ9V%yrG<-cFp3nnGSnz'3e4]( ߀NF V91ό"/ 00DTimesngsded olPss&DArial Rounded MT Bolds& DGill Sansded MT Bolds&0DWingdingsded MT Bolds& b .  @n?" dd@  @@`` `,   ,B$pbJ6E׾g@c $Y@uʚ;2Nʚ;g4dds m ppp@  <4BdBd`ʚ;___PPT9 h___PPT2001D<4X? %#Reading Behavior Reading MindsQDevelopmental Work Findings Methodology Work on Apes Anecdotes Experiments Puzzlex  Developmental WorkThe drive toward earlier ages Piaget: perspective taking not until 7 False belief tests (Wimmer & Perner, 1983 on) not until 4 Desire inference not until 2-3 Goal inferences at 18 months (Meltzoff, 1995) & or at 12 months (Gergely) & or at 6-9 months (Phillips & Wellman; Woodward) Dishabituation paradigm Testing  assumptions and their violations\ZZZ+Z+^Y5Work with ApesAnecdotes (especially about deception)  One of the female baboons grew particularly fond of meat, although the males do most of the hunting. A male, one who does not willingly share, caught an antelope. The female edged up to him and groomed him until he lolled back under her attentions. She then snatched the antelope carcass and ran. Experiments Can chimpanzees grasp the concept of seeing? (Povinelli & Eddy, 1996) Discrimination tasks: Non-seeing person (e.g., bucket, blindfold, eyes closed, turned away) vs. seeing person no initial disposition to pick  seeing over  nonseeing Slow learning for some pairings No transfer to new conditions'+ H'+ H    8    w    ,> APuzzle How can we ever confidently establish whether chimps (or infants) just smartly read behavior or actually make mental state inferences? Povinelli s evolutionary picture: two systems, one overlaying the other. How often do adults just read behavior, not minds? @< sWoodwardInfants were habituated to a hand reaching to and grasping one of two toys. Test events after habituation:  new object/old path event: hand reached to the old location and thus now grasped a different object.  old object/new path event: hand grasped the same object as in habitutation, but it was now in the other location. If infants perceived the habituation movement in terms of the hand s association with the target object, then they should look longer at the new object/old path event because there the hand is associated with a new object. Indeed, 5- and 9- month infants looked longer at the new object/old path event.nmZZ1Z-#E", [Gergely et al.Presented infants with computerized 2-dimensional displays of circles involved in intentional-like motion. Infants were habituated to a circle moving up to and then over a wall-like barrier, then back down across the barrier to join up with a second circle. Two test events after habituation  direct : barrier removed, first circle moves directly in a straight line to link up with the second circle  indirect : barrier removed, first circle moves in the same path as in habituation (although the barrier no longer intervened). 9- and 12-month-old infants, but not 6-month-olds, looked longer at the indirect test event. Authors interpretation: infants perceived the moving circle as intentionaln(ZZZiH ZrL Phillips & Wellman hInfants see a person reach over a barrier and grasp an object. Test events after habituation  direct reach : barrier is removed and person now reaches directly for the object  indirect reach : barrier is removed by person still reaches in a motion as if the barrier was still there. If in habituation the infant interprets the actor s action as object-directed, then when the barrier is removed the direct reach is the expected action and the indirect reach would be more attention-worthy. In fact, 6- and 12-month-old infants look longer at the indirect reach.h_("> =AdultslBehavioral indicators of mental states? Movement perception Simmer & Heider s experiments Freyd s perceptual momentum; future tense in English Baird et al. studies Eyes Gaze following (even chimps can do it) Sensitivity to faces and eye movements Role in joint attention, social referencing, intention reading t<ZhZZZZ<hY   ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғq>9y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@(?" dd@   A@ d` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> 80( vv@   6~ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !B  0@~ <$<  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0~ ``  P*   00 `   R*   0 `   R* H  0޽h ? 3f3fb $Blank Presentation   D(  l  C  P     C `<$< P H  0޽h ? 33  0 $(   r  S `P   r  S ~  H  0޽h ? 33  @(  l  C ~P   l  C ~   H  0޽h ? 3f3fb  `((  (l ( C `~P   l ( C ~  H ( 0޽h ? 3f3fb  p(  l  C ~P   l  C @~  H  0޽h ? 33  ( | l  C Pq-P   l  C p-Pp  H  0޽h ? 33  (  I l  C s-P   l  C 0s-  H  0޽h ? ZXdbmoh  ( p  p  0 c $A ?|   H  0޽h ? 3f3fb  P$(  $l $ C ~P   l $ C ~  H $ 0޽h ? 3f3fb4x}@"dD0/I$(`" fI% =s1bV̀1ɢd]3 ݽ?~;]UչgIHP@j| eX,a_j466oLq|ה8ySdÓ.*ĩF\3ԉkʭɵq-kE\kזv "N8t#=qu ΀8C⌈3&#q3!Δ83:ׅu#Μ 'q/mYgIq L q7la@#qÉs"nqά .4ye\0AuyZ9?;&|U_D3j L?I΁L>buoFz;x:PW?ʌW.kans?5ɏg`@Pw5 K`'fQ+sW Dҩ?N")|F$ӍH\v9s­EYѫļ>0,RU ۹YDlѺ4cղOIy,=k߄qO@10a-k狭s{n+_}rNvg *sꕱvq2(mz-[-9 [x| GLF W?Bmf3Gu. oܑ9'oϹh𛲃֕Gt \кwa/I9Fv5[cD䤣ivJ:?{i-zv&,ںDOO??%1;_0AOosH+z>iNevYmTL|,'g]OL+ 'Qâd:Jwak-npc.\Gxmj"+*aūx5RFx1 0o]Ѥ9ZEĢyn[[f~0w~ZX-)S}xu +a v xZZeyq X-'Vk:JȮVW'ZV״\ׯ@I,g.wnxY*ܸ]r{wvYzymn%bKN\MEFMS-} lҔIm DN(~Mkןy#lJQn騔Sqn Ԃ۶V=(%c=w!mR&ZM5>Bt7w&M5v%W9XqV܏VnMf,MQkXJ ?}"~/=TdO̽KG[lf3_xN8-݀$r"yXh%rc/yqzv{wy'5;:qգjwpy(#םt,=ٙof}$Fm;ۙ>5w69mu^qN^qƓM_T"+Ԛ8\{}#LXZK Pz x'Qf .IZ e <"Mw`eãܽ荋 +8I|~[֎Yg!+>9c7ܫ]J0ȍ{>XYtEmqxלYw}ū>-6%J^ _.PY񄤵ȋIS[G,ULu$*pl=wu_Fm?2dԀC:Zuv“n ~'衱M/<-Q:z={LCAs%)~͟eێqj<5y""sƧ\o(x. |JNWiqVH6}D8,>lOx%{Ū^ȋV[?zmn%hy{o~fd7g>8s|e++xL?s-oiiz*rV|{NEQ{q wmڮj-৅;fHMiҭV_[mҍ_nVژqŲI7W)M}}ulyȹުַzlE_]m5uxw))Z7 ύZyl̳p};,qtSⓙů-/&>Yqw,Q.?ޙF"LWΏYΝg>I./zǎvFDtj눭F5Ш?"6^u{gM*DTɉfzOk~?"~& O4ig|p$ក;N,f3].OC[j U?IoV_x=~ۭ֙%T%;/Sb쒞߸<+@v*Mwu ^^S.xgX}?>Zv񳻙\bNSd:J?C}A{O-{Lf@3}oǍQl:j˝Uϋwtg;׉BK1cr5r:nXKFnme^ 8u/7m&&+GcF_èC\-cFzWxkQ4Aӛkjv\d{+F L|?j4Z$;F“/tmDޔv*~gbڬ]S:ȶV[ y\&yWm/B I"Y" |y葩u¢ q'n.˙||䙉o?41泎SYVGV$Ϙ{nI #:^_m˓g:t>RЧkowT1zBٻ*41+wVU"8 >6 yW'vBvV8vy5aݸۛ%0p5:4bnms^ aA2hׅ%GݵlW*' }Fuߡd\S>~V?E":>;vs6=f̉^xIbн-Z*X0b{96ѿ.gbo9's ~@A~׭[- gw6)ضӚ.>oK5ojgfF۝x J*Ӣ؞yw\[Lqgt3K4{@m:8FX2&%-?K;lZęexY.6 >6pOS1gml(Iʎ0{`Y ;ܰOQn}82azCG[;}~v])-VV54v={=NMs"S mkEԡ3oz/жdxc\j‘!<:ubGuV*[=]R|_O23-.9cv9wڮKxl%tFJٽe5 ٱS|Ũb0![KZwnAF;]t]~Z="ò {;,.1ҭT16D;{WU$7+_fgQQO9yM<}fޘw}>|޽`1&Sdox$i4҂[5zUۥn--6Jd~b[ kS6b}RIΓ͋eyC]슮jTJ }mU%|@ Eb.0@we-0Ng9ǂCdt6 $NܣmMҐrT&s8+ Qnrvb#*;Vj͉0V%G ֵ̩ ]]tXd.]}<)cu,-QSs&R;D#7 dDjПH+!)=&$/ Ms# u(0 %mBJшIs4-ך$)=Ic*c+5'1eѮ1- `U!ցRT!?t7@JpeKQ?=7 P څ؜.=$AXG64P4^{_oH%$' Eڧ%Hwt{%GSp"Or ADN)|@Ń04.dmJu%`!s廼N-i: k{%i(2|-ಧIFM`s45ҭ䯶% I0[!D"FpFR(W ۏTB>taSo*R(uKR$'NJߍ@MP'Ŭ-+S_c8I~%j$KJ% 墵JL1HEp~8rV+sX 'M/2GbMt`2&4B.4&@E2=aSSw`i(*hX =Bwɂ`aP@JJC{ѐ6IA9"<3gZs#\`3U(  u6nT'W8L Ÿ0oX_G  +$aKM &H0M 3M]ӂ^>N/oI;?X0)=T( !3Q-  aIdw//L $5@"=' L"_'!g*xHhm &ΡW32~o]йߐiPap hr ,`R> z z wF^PO`OQg,03Ac萉0@}C@ǻt&0[|]n ut4tOE@y.#%< ,`>g04BI؞@q I@c?aGp0  `~8CK<FECXٍ0n'@ n[-܌MnDLZBuk@U+K0c1! |!f.@=s@\~\1f#`,,X3$KC,˃"+#`4D k"`D z2OBol"`6{"`b &"`k,vA@hčBWxsF8ppd#P$ Aq;EIӃpf Z# qlsH鏀p/.A Wz"jvG@9uC7;#n" w:!nG3F}#d"2; >Gc=#c3! O*(PF@PO(iMR95F@,*!*Tst uWqנJT <̃)( 2A3T*P ՄzFTȚ-EB'PėMb:QeQCɛԛasoQ#~-pzcp*N=FwVGrg$KSO)d %פ"f@7%eh3k}K*>+fc+? #pT1EQY$h<|ЬK9/1j$fY!o&Fꑋl)îW3 q\{! 9* $ERJY C= .gtga) RʥAPORŖ#ICF]])LIg|\C=(*rˉq %*Pʠ;*zFohIb5$#ۈ1"OhqI Ds>qϰȘx~uy YN%y/3 PK~" R/HSD DaI5QJ}$T2^!9G"Hfjy"aYjZ%!/ C^%iM\%ޠ so it{ w ^.`Gs*& y K{rD$ ҎYFV̚bY9R2ՈiT'|JjTIK 4?`H!u9 F$H($O{i#ʈ VzjZA\I~Nw9B\'JǾO<$Hj'1@|hew_2t I"PLPz4T9Tt5J>,{Z'X5 %A[AUjLZ9so{h3AlZ/QRBYB9G}/T ?V!j:AѦAP? W$O@= 4 >#-? EM ՆzL8kNKN06{$'`H0T iLF.!4 u$3W ӁilhsUH%vD?JrcqkD߫#W3BcwW*S%a7KVpo2rﲔ3N2uI's<+ Nph%-Թ%!Z^^E+ݬ*=ȍEZŹX*޶*`o7X Vax"O:WKP*5 EGbPE(.FtBERԠ)jmV־c_CVP@9O Z%,h~Q!Zɳ)]۠U#߫IW iԊ1ZZ1.'ҥ)Hڄk`>L>)?cb ބD7h=rX2sj9K9c*`9O1[RszPӄJ9XC}] WG>Mu] _dѪ[C031C LykYX ]*h==uge5v%)RE/i=S]%? ZY!YͬT}41He0Rvij/v/I!ޟ1@5<ӟY 4fcigKRh~HYkvtWhUd}2Gb`P 9c6:9M c`{[Hbv({oM9|Ir^ҍ%,*qN~+{?`O=~QAׁ>y-rTr%eTs1aHTrYejYW,TY~\_ἐNZ~_JXTUR(\NN_7P0[coԐejmN',+Wdͧ NJ1uY$FT)B(Z2&JQ܉ N't>(]Tį].Bט]A/1ÃÚ fR @K"V3 Y¼5$3^D"тb8toJC ⍒ R#"A6"px$[O[%a'[oY3M<ɥAZ:WIGk (&>FLzEd^gll7^,qcOZ& */A/Z&5X&, de2`?lҧ L._;BP|\ɺA*̑SxF>OåyO"qT21w1>4IFO"mMݗ6PBM҉X"Nm"=-G` vB5oSˉM2u)Q}"?"9<9ǃm&e!k(ShE9+!1߳#Bclcz,H&lɹ d>s W>h6`hb>4v8}jO")z-I@c-Uf$璳p>ZVCw!^AnS(e+Dj@4l1i,,h`;Q_opQppv6Z+@V^)b &*# k(AUPZ&ڐIΠk& 2fNң$PDOқ+iQǡmkE܅&:" pH$~*=,AKL 3iy@J^=K-T@ccS{+QsfR&'m41qu01;IyyFw%h% sy/M0s{0t;!qOme??xGXmdDT27'hJ@}G|͏D+ֳsj=h$m]+-s?E$oQD˓dV{dcRQ4e%U\#eֲ2[Z<H 31丹_e!{aRѿ̥ ɰr ?[>~L|/i=8a>‡jVC_yrc9'~j%T7%w7g8~|{هܨZ yaƔZW1==>K,T!ocS s@EP8SBC:HzzDocumentSummaryInformation8Current User- Oh+'0 hp   ( 4@H'9PowerPoint Presentation - Methods of Cognitive ScienceodBertram MalleseertBertram Mallese20tMicrosoft PowerPointon @$@VX@h(FGPICT HH hHH1|j3S          =           =           S            P           'j3  _6&/]  \  K  +   3) 5 =           S              T   "    <"j3$Jj3U        =           =           S            P           'j3f$ W       A       (=           S           !    J           'j3j3S          ;           =           S            T  ,      1   e(f j3S          =           7         S            P           &]% qj3S          =           ;          S          P           'j3j3S          =           =           S            P           'j3j3S          =           =            ՜.+,D՜.+,    R'On-screen Show University of Oregon62,?  TimesArial Rounded MT Bold Gill Sans WingdingsBlank PresentationMicrosoft Word DocumentReading Behavior Reading MindsDevelopmental WorkWork with ApesPuzzle WoodwardGergely et al.Phillips & Wellman PowerPoint PresentationAdults  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles  8@ _PID_HLINKS'Ap259,4,Gergely et al.260,5,Phillips & Wellman 258,3,Woodward262,7,Slide 7%_{ Bertram Malle