FINAL EXAMINATION: winter term.

Instructions

1. The examination will be administered
   1. in Eugene at 8:00 a.m. on Monday, 19 March, in our usual lecture room.
   2. in Bend at 8:00 a.m. on Thursday, 22 March, in the usual rooom (I believe).
2. You may write out the answers in advance (I prefer them typed); the maximum length is 650 words, and I do prefer to receive them electronically . Please save them under your name and the essay number, so for example, you essay from partA would appear as: yournameA1.rtf or as yournameID.rtf for the IDs --this is very important to insure that we can open them and identify who sent the exam. Please email the exams to:
   nic.coursework@gmail.com
3. Otherwise, it is an 'open book' examination. Though I encourage you to study together, I will not give any credit to identical or nearly identical essays.
4. Your grade depends upon your ability to formulate meaningful hypotheses about events and to substantiate those hypotheses with relevant evidence (n.b.: the textbook may help you to formulate hypotheses, but the authors' words cannot be construed as evidence).
   1. 'To formulate' a hypothesis means to generate effective and convincing 'thesis-sentences'.
   2. Substantiation means 'word for word' citation of relevant clauses in the ancient evidence.
5. On the day of the examination the gods will decide which two of the four questions are to be submitted for a grade.
6. There will also be two items to identify. The value of the two IDs is equal to one of the essays, so take them seriously.

Part A (one of the two)

1. Define the issues of the struggle of the orders. What did the plebeians want? What were their weapons in the struggle? Why did the struggle end when it did?
2. Although the Lex Hortensia and Table XII specify that sovereignty belongs to the people, the elite managed to control the state. How was this possible?

Part B (one of the two)

1. How do you explain the collapse of the Roman Republic? What were (in your estimation) the most important factors?
2. Given the fact that all the proposals of Tib. and C. Gracchus were eventually implemented, how do you explain their "failures"?

Part C (identify and give the historical significance to both both of these items).