The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds:

The Prison Experience, 1850-1935

Carlos Aguirre

(Durham: Duke University Press, 2005)

328 pages (January 2005)
10 b and w photos, 15 tables

ISBN 0-8223-3457-7 Cloth - $79.95
ISBN 0-8223-3469-0 Paperback - $22.95

The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds is the first major historical study of the creation and development of the prison system in Peru. Carlos Aguirre examines the evolution of prisons for male criminals in Lima from the conception-- in the early 1850s-- of the initial plans to build penitentiaries through the early-twentieth-century prison reforms undertaken as part of President Augusto Leguia's attempts to modernize and expand the Peruvian state. Aguirre reconstructs the social, cultural, and doctrinal influences that determined how lawbreakers were treated, how programs of prison reform fared, and how inmates experienced incarceration. He argues that the Peruvian prisons were primarily used not to combat crime or to rehabilitate allegedly deviant individuals, but rather to help reproduce and maintain an essentially unjust social order. In this sense, he finds that the prison system embodied the contradictory and exclusionary nature of modernization in Peru.

Drawing on a large collection of prison and administrative records archived at Peru's Ministry of Justice, Aguirre offers a detailed account of the daily lives of men incarcerated in Lima's jails. In showing the extent to which the prisoners actively sought to influence prison life, he reveals the dynamic between prisoners and guards as a process of negotiation, accommodation, and resistance. He describes how police and the Peruvian state defined criminality and how their efforts to base a prison system on the latest scientific theories-- imported from Europe and the United States-- foundered on the shoals of financial constraints, administrative incompetence, corruption, and widespread public indifference. Locating his findings within the political and social mores of Lima society, Aguirre reflects on the connections between punishment, modernization, and authoritarian traditions in Peru.

“The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds is an exhaustively researched and pathbreaking historical inquiry. It will, I think, stand as the definitive study on the criminal population and prison experience in Lima for many years to come.” -- Peter F. Klarén, author of Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes

“A comprehensive, well-researched, and insightful study, The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds brings together in a single volume a series of issues that other studies have treated separately: attitudes toward criminals and the sociocultural construction of crime; strategies and quotidian practices of policing; the importation and imperfect adoption of European positivist criminology; prison regimes and the birth of the penitentiary; and the relationship between crime, the courts, and broader questions of political power.” -- David S. Parker, author of the The Idea of the Middle Class: White-Collar Workers and Peruvian Society, 1900-1950

Carlos Aguirre is Associate Professor of History at the University of Oregon, Eugene. He is the author of Agentes de su propia libertad: Los esclavos de Lima y la desintegración de la esclavitud, 1821-1854. He is the coeditor of several books, including Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society since Late Colonial Times, also published by Duke University Press.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

I. Apprehending the Criminal

1. The Emergence of the Criminal Question (1850-1890) 17

2. The Science of the Criminal (1890-1930) 40

3. Policing and the Making of a Criminal Case 65

II. Prisons and Prison Communities

4. Lima‘s Penal Archipelago 85

5. Faites, Rateros, and Disgraced Gentlemen: Lima‘s Male Prison Communities 110

III. The World They Made Together

6. Daily Life in Prison-Part I: The Customary Order 143

7. Daily Life in Prison-II: Prison Subcultures and Living Conditions 164

8. Beyond the Customary Order 185

Conclusion 213

Appendix 223

Notes 237

Bibliography 277

Index 297

Latin American Studies, Peru